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Historic and Current Trends in Global Migration

Historic and Current Trends in Global Migration. Alfonso Rodriguez-Lainz, PhD, VMD, MPVM US-Mexico Unit CDC Division of Global Migration and Quarantine 7 th Summer Institute on Migration and Global Health June 25-29, 2012. Outline. Human mobility Who is migrant?

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Historic and Current Trends in Global Migration

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  1. Historic and Current Trends in Global Migration Alfonso Rodriguez-Lainz, PhD, VMD, MPVM US-Mexico Unit CDC Division of Global Migration and Quarantine 7th Summer Institute on Migration and Global Health June 25-29, 2012

  2. Outline Human mobility Who is migrant? Main categories of migrants Global and U.S migration trends Conclusions and Recommendations

  3. Human mobility … … as old as human history • Humans wandering in search of resources (land, food, water, precious minerals), conquest, or to escape from conflict or natural disasters

  4. Migration of anatomically modern humans National Geographic Society

  5. Global mobility http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4g930pm8Ms

  6. Global mobility & disease

  7. Mobile populations • Individuals who move in geographic space • Different reasons • Different distances • Different administrative boundaries • Different periods of time Place B Place A

  8. Commuters Tourists Migrant workers Move to another state Border crossers Refugees

  9. Who is a migrant? • How is a migrant different from other mobile populations? Migrant worker on California highway (1935) Picture from the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.

  10. Who is a migrant? • No universally accepted definition • Countries and agencies use their own criteria, based and their own legislation and policies • Definitions are not consistently used • “Popular” terms

  11. Who is a migrant? Migrant Alien Migrantworker Farmworker Minorities Latino Immigrant Foreign born Ethnicgroups Foreigner Tourist Hispanic Mobile populations Illegal Traveler

  12. MigrantUN Recommendations (1998 and 2007) • A person changing his/her place of usual residence Residence in Place A Sources: • UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998) • UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007)

  13. MigrantUN Recommendations (1998 and 2007) Moves to residence in Place B • A person changing his/her place of usual residence Residence in Place A Sources: • UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998) • UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007)

  14. Change in residence … • Temporary or permanent • Authorized or unauthorized • For different reasons

  15. Determinants of migration • Economic/ better future • Family reunification • Forced by Philip Craft, Staff

  16. International visitors • Person who travels to another country but doesn't change country of usual residence • e.g., tourists, business travelers, religious pilgrims, for medical care • Usually admitted for limited time (e.g., weeks) • Not considered migrants

  17. International MigrantUN Recommendations (1998 and 2007) Moves to residence in destination country • A person changing his/her country of usual residence Residence in country of origin Sources: • UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998) • UN Expert Group Meeting on the use of censuses and surveys to measure international migration, ESA/STAT/AC.132/1 (2007)

  18. Internal MigrantUN Recommendations (1998) • A person changing his/her usual residence but within the same country • Usually refers to • Rural to urban migration • Internally displaced persons China

  19. Mexico’s Internal Migration Internal migrants: 12 million Source: CONAPO and Universidad Panamericana

  20. United States’ internal migration“GeographicalMobility/Migration” • “Each year many Americans leave their place of birth to reside in a different part of the country” • “Population mobility has crucial impact on individuals, as well as local demographics and economies” http://www.census.gov/hhes/migration/

  21. Immigrant vs. Emigrant • “Migrant”: • It disregards the direction of movement • From the perspective of the… • Region/country of arrival the person is an “immigrant” • Region/country of departure the person is an “emigrant” UN Recommendations on International Migration Statistics (1998)

  22. Some statistics … (2010) Source: WHO (2010)

  23. Organizations using a “change in residence” to define migrants • United Nations • U. S Customs and Immigration Services • U.S Census Bureau • European Union • Consejo Nacional de Población (Mexico) • International Organization for Migration • World Bank

  24. But using different criteria … • Country of birth ~ Foreign born • Country of citizenship ~ Foreign citizen • Minimum duration of residence (e.g., 12 m) • Type of residence visas for foreigners • Immigrants ~ Permanent residence • Non-immigrant ~ temporary workers & visitors • Ethnicity or religion (e.g., Ethnic-Russians) • Others or a combination

  25. Why do we care about definitions? • Achieve comparability of migration statistics among countries and agencies • To better understand and target migrant communities’ health needs • Great diversity among migrants

  26. Great diversity among migrants Country of birth Culture/Language Reasons for migration Migration pattern SES Education Occupation Legal status Health Source: California Immigrant Integration Initiative of Grantmakers Concerned with Immigrants and Refugees

  27. Main categories of international migrants • Migrantworkers • Refugees* • Asylum-seekers* • Victims of trafficking* • Unauthorized migrants* • International students* * Standard international definitions

  28. Refugees • (Source: UN Convention Related to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol) • A person with a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, social group or political opinion, … • is outside his/her country of nationality and … • is unable or unwilling to return to that country • 15.2 million (2009)

  29. Human Trafficking • Recruitment, transportation, or harboring of persons, by use of force, coercion, or fraud for the purpose of exploitation • Forced labor • Sexual exploitation • Can be international or domestic (i.e., internal) (Art. 3(a), UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the UN Convention Against Organized Crime, 2000).

  30. Unauthorized migrants • “A person who, owing to illegal entry or the expiry of his/her visa, lacks legal status in a transit or host country” • A.K.A: undocumented, irregular, clandestine or illegal migrant Source: IOM Glossary of Migration, 2004

  31. Some areas of confusion … • Migration pattern vs. migrant • Farmworker vs. migrant • Race/ethnicity vs. migrant

  32. Migration patterns vs. migrant

  33. Migration patterns vs. migrant

  34. (“Migrant”) Farmworker • Several definitions in the U.S • Farmworker is an occupational group • Annual average number: 1million (2006) • Foreign born: 78% • Migration patterns • Settled53% • Shuttler migrants* 21% • Follow-the-crop migrants* 13% • Newcomers 13% *International or within the U.S Source: NAWS

  35. Race/ethnicity • Self-identification • The categories do not denote scientific definitions of anthropological origins • Example: • Hispanic or Latino (2010 Census) • a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. Office of Management and Budget (1997)

  36. Of 51 million Hispanics (2010) … Farm workers

  37. Limited English ProficiencyU.S vs. Foreign born Hispanics Source: ACS 2010

  38. Source: Dey AN, Lucas JW. Physical and mental health characteristics of U.S.-and foreign-born adults: UnitedStates,1998–2003Advance data Statistics. 2006. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health from vital and health statistics; no 369.

  39. GLOBAL MIGRATION TRENDS

  40. Major Migration Flows (1960-1970)

  41. Major Migration Flows (2000’s)

  42. Migration flows

  43. Of the 6.9 billion people in the world in 2010 … …214 million or 3.1 % were international migrants United Nations Population Division/DESA

  44. U.S.A: 13.5% UK & France: 11% Mexico: 0.8% Note: Among countries with at least 1 million inhabitants Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2009). International Migration, 2009 Wallchart (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.XIII.8).

  45. “Rough” estimates of unauthorized migrants Thousands% of pop. Year* United States 11,100 4.0 2009 EU 2,500-6,000 1-4 2005 Canada 500 1.5 2005 Japan 210 0.2 2005 * Years since regularization. Subsequent regularizations not accounted for in these estimates Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2006, 2007 Passel and Cohn, 2010

  46. Share of international migrants in more vs. less developed regions, 2010

  47. Direction of international migration flows, 2010

  48. Share of females in the international migration stock

  49. Age pyramid: Migrants vs. total population

  50. Demographic and social effects of migration in host country/region • Increase population size • Changes in gender and age distribution • Increased population fertility • Changes in race/ethnic distribution • High proportion of workforce

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