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Monday, October 31

Monday, October 31. This Week: Earth’s Population will hit 7 BILLION 2. Notes: The Middle East – Brief History 3. Choose Countries tomorrow…. The Middle East: A Brief Modern History. World Geography Mr. Thomsen Fall 2011. Main Tenants of Islam.

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Monday, October 31

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  1. Monday, October 31 • This Week: Earth’s Population will hit 7 BILLION 2. Notes: The Middle East – Brief History 3. Choose Countries tomorrow…

  2. The Middle East: A Brief Modern History World Geography Mr. Thomsen Fall 2011

  3. Main Tenants of Islam • Arabian Peninsula: Known as one of the “Cradles of Civilization • Many of the first civilizations arose in this area • Mesopotamia (between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) • Muhammad founds religion of Islam ~600AD • Islamic Core Beliefs • Allah is the only God (same God as Jews and Christians) • Muhammad is the final Prophet (Jesus, Abraham also Prophets) • 5 Pillars • Profession of Faith (Shahada) • Prayer 5 times Daily (Salat) • Almsgiving – Charity (Zakat) • Holy Month of Ramadan (Sawm) • Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) • Divisions of Islam: • Sunni (Largest Segment) and Shia, or Shi’ite • Differences in Leadership, some religious practices • Sunni-dominated countries: Saudi Arabia, Jordan • Shia-dominated countries: Iran, Iraq

  4. Main Tenants of Judaism • Oldest organized religion (8,000 BCE) • Main Figures: • Abraham, Isaac, Ishmael • Jesus a prophet, but not “Messiah” • Main text: Torah (Old Testament) • Divisions within Judaism: • Reform • Orthodox • Conservative • Important Holidays: • Yom Kippur, Chanukah,

  5. Main Tenants of Christianity • Jesus as “Son of God”, Messiah • Old Testament = Judaism; New Testament = Jesus & Disciples • Main Text: Bible • Catholic Church dominant until 1500s – then Protestant groups (Calvinism, Lutheranism, etc.)

  6. The Crusades, Revisited • What were the causes for the Crusades? • Christian Church attempt to conquer Holy Lands; Muslims defend • What were the outcomes of the Crusades? • Christian, Muslim, and Jewish mutual distrust

  7. The Ottoman Empire • Centered around modern-day Turkey • Osman I consolidated power in late 13th century • At height, Ottoman Empire encompassed: • Southeastern Europe, Anatolia (Turkey), Iraq, Western Iran, Greater Syria, Egypt, West Arabian Peninsula & Northern Africa Source: MSN Encarta Online

  8. Ottoman Empire Expansion

  9. European Expansion • Britain, France expand colonial territories • Extensive colonization in Africa; deals made with Ottomans for trade, resources • In Middle East, Arab Nationalism grows • In Europe, the Jewish “Zionist” Movement gains strength • Jewish Homeland in Palestine • Jews had been driven out of Palestine in 200s

  10. World War I Effect on Middle East • Ottoman Empire sides with Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire) • Allied Powers (Britain, France, Italy, USA) devise Picot-Sykes Agreement • Secret plan to divide Middle East after war • Balfour Declaration • Letter from British government declaring support for Zionist Movement

  11. Post World War I • Mandate system in Middle East • “Supervisory” control over territories • England: Iraq, Palestine, Transjordan (now Jordan) • France: Syria & Lebanon • Turkey – resists Europe, Ätaturk creates modern secular state Israel.org Ataturk.com

  12. Zionism and Arab Resistance • Due to Balfour Declaration, Jewish immigration into Palestine rose dramatically from 1920 to 1935 • Beginning in 1936, Arabs revolted and fought against the immigration • Britain issues “White Paper” of 1939, which limits Jewish immigration into Palestine

  13. Arab Independence • Nationalist movements lead to some Arab Independence • Egypt (1922) • Iraq (1932) • Iran (1935) • However, western powers still influence Arab governments • I.e. Britain keeps troops in Egypt, Iraq

  14. Allied Powers England France Russia United States Italy (1943-45) Axis Powers Germany Austria Japan Italy (1940-1943) World War II

  15. German Anti-Semitism

  16. The Holocaust • By 1945, approximately 6 million Jews had been killed across Europe • Nazi Death Camps such as Auchwitz • Stalin purges Jewish Communities in Soviet Union Encarta.com Encarta.com

  17. World Reaction • United Nations founded in 1945 • Britain steps up plans to create Jewish Homeland • Jewish settlers begin armed attacks versus British occupation and Arab groups • United States, now a dominate world power, lends support to movement as well • United Nations Partition Plan of 1947

  18. The Creation of Israel • Jewish immigrants approve of UN Partition Plan • Arab population does not approve • Britain turns mandate over to United Nations, withdraws from Palestine on May 14, 1948 • David Ben-Gurion, leader of Jewish settlers, declares the state of Israel on May 15, 1948 • Arabs flee across Jordan River; Egypt, Syria attack new nation Worlgeography.abc-clio.com

  19. Argument for Israel Followed UN Partition Plan (I.e. world support) Historic Homeland, right to exist Horror of the Holocaust – needed specific place Defended against Arab invasions Argument for Arab Palestinians Under British Occupation – no control in Jewish Immigration Majority of land in UN Partition plan went to minority Jews Historic Homeland, No military support Discussion . . . Which do you believe has the stronger claim?

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