“ No writing – no science !” Academic Writing

1. “No writing – no science!”Academic Writing Шарапкова Анастасия Андреевна warapkova@mail.ru

4. Use the necessary tenses • Genetically engineered (GE) crops and foods __________commercially available in the United States since 1995 and their adoption around the world followed, showing increases each year since their introduction (Table 1). Whereas the majority of the acreage __________in the United States, most farmers who grow these crops ________________ ( to reside) outside the United States—more than 10 million of the 12 million adopters ___________in developing countries (165). These GE crops created by recombinant DNA (rDNA) _____________overwhelmingly _______ ( accept)by farmers, but some consumers __________( remain) skeptical. In Part I of this review (186a), general descriptions of the process of genetic engineering, its implications, and its regulation_________________( discuss), as well as responses to several food and food safety issues. In Part II certain environmental and socioeconomic issues(_________________ discuss). Not all issues that ________________( raise) _____________(discuss) and not all aspects of the issues reviewed ____ (address), but the present state of knowledge _______________( review). As scientifically accurate a picture as possible was presented by linking responses to peerreviewed literature. This approach ______________ (not imply) that people possessing the same scientific information _________(come to the same conclusions) about GE crops and their products. Individual value judgments vary and thus different conclusions ______________( reach) . As a scientist, I feel, however, that what science __________________( discover)about these crops should be a part of what individuals consider in making decisions about growing and consuming these crops. ( Annual reviews plant biology)

5. Use the necessary tenses • Genetically engineered (GE) crops and foods have been commercially available in the United States since 1995 and their adoption around the world followed, showing increases each year since their introduction (Table 1). Whereas the majority of the acreage is in the United States, most farmers who grow these crops reside outside the United States—more than 10 million of the 12 million adopters are in developing countries (165). These GE crops created by recombinant DNA (rDNA) have been overwhelmingly accepted by farmers, but some consumers remain skeptical. In Part I of this review (186a), general descriptions of the process of genetic engineering, its implications, and its regulation were discussed, as well as responses to several food and food safety issues. In Part II certain environmental and socioeconomic issues are discussed. Not all issues that have been raised are discussed and not all aspects of the issues reviewed are addressed, but the present state of knowledge is reviewed. As scientifically accurate a picture as possible was presented by linking responses to peerreviewed literature. This approach does not imply that people possessing the same scientific information will come to the same conclusions about GE crops and their products. Individual value judgments vary and thus different conclusions are reached. As a scientist, I feel, however, that what science has discovered about these crops should be a part of what individuals consider in making decisions about growing and consuming these crops. ( Annual reviews plant biology)

6. Change – синонимы • Change • Adapt • Mutate • Alter • Adjust • Modify • Transform • Metamorphose • Convert • Evolve • Fluctuate • Revise • Develop • Vary • Restructure • Reorganize • Сочетаемость change ( n) • big, dramatic, drastic, great, marked, radical, significant, striking, systematic, far-reaching, fundamental, important, major, profound, revolutionary, substantial, irreversible • Verbs: • bring about, cause, effect, force, produce, call for • Сочетаемость change ( v) • Drastically, radically, slightly, considerably, dramatically, fundamentally, a lot, significantly • our data indicate that suberinultrastructure is not affected by drastic changes in the composition of root • waxes

7. to change something: alter, adapt, adjust, amend, modify, revise, varyto change a system or organization: restructure, reorganize, reformto change something completely: transform, revolutionizeto change facts or information, or change what someone has said: twist,distort, misrepresenteasily changed: flexible, adaptableimpossible to change: fixed, final, irrevocable

8. The ability to adapt is a definite asset in this job.Her face hadn't altered much over the years.It took a few seconds for her eyes to adjust to the darkness Alter Mutate Adjust Adapt to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation to change, or to make someone or something change: • if an animal or plant does it, its generations become different from others of the same kind, because of a change in its genetic structure: • to gradually become familiar with a new situation

9. adjust tosmth • adjust to doing something! • Such control requires that the oxygen concentration in the blood be accurately measured, and that breathing rate __________accordingly. • Simple organisms like bacteria __________rapidly. • Many children buy books after they _____________for television. • The city centre _________beyond recognition. • Nothing can _________the fact that the refugees are our responsibility. • Flowers which are going to plant,____ well_____ to harsh winters. • How do these insects ___________themselves to new environments?

10. Modify • to make small changes to something in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective

11. Find some equivalent for “change” in each context • It has recently been shown that a fine, hormone-dependent tuning of the suberization process in the endodermal layer allows the plant to change successfully to the surrounding nutrient availability (Barberon et al., 2016). • Smth was resuspendedin infiltration medium (10 mM MgCl2, 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesufonic acid (MES), and 0.2 mMacetosyringone) and changedtoOD600=1.0, and kept at room temperature for 4 hours. to adapt adjusted

12. Переведите • Этот метод легко изменяется к/для... • Это преобразование может быть приспособлено для нашей задачи несколькими способами. • Это достигается путем подгонки места расположения... • Все необходимые изменения могут быть сделаны во время работыоборудования • Агрессивное поведение может быть связано с измененным количеством серотонина в мышах • This procedure is readily adaptable to... • This transformation can be adapted to our Problem 2 in several ways. • This is achieved by adjusting the positions of.. • All the necessary adjustments can be made while the machine ( equipment) is operating (working) . • Aggressive behaviour could be linked to (result form ) altered amount of brain serotonin in mice ….

13. Change, modify, reorganise, metamorphose • The leaves on trees ___________colour in the autumn because of destruction of chlorophyll. • If the surface of the earth was covered to a depth of one metre in protein molecules, each one different from every other one, and if each molecule _________into another one once a second, and had done so since the origin of the earth, there would have been time to try out only a minute fraction of the possible sequences. • All predators _________the bones of their prey to a certain extent. • The enzyme activity of each _____(причастие)cell line was assayed and the results used to calculate the expected enzyme activity resulting from the various combinations of mutations in vivo. • It forms a hard case called a chrysalis around its body, and inside this it is rearranged in a miraculous ________________(существительное) until, after two or three weeks, it emerges as an adult butterfly.

14. Convert, evolve, revise, fluctuate • A 19th century ___________barn. (=barn changed into a house) • This discovery made them __________their old ideas. • Populations of molluscs _______wildly from year to year in North Wales. • One thing we know for certain about global warming is that — whether fields get drier or damper, whether temperatures soar or only ________— our crops will have to _________quickly. • The mechanism whereby they move depends on a process of recombination, so they are parasites whose success depends on the devices that ___________evolved in cells to replicate and recombine DNA. • These mobile pieces of DNA (called transposons) share many features in common with the genetic material of some viruses and it is possible that viruses__________ ________from them.

15. Develop, advance, vary, restructure, transform • It's hard to believe that a tree can __________from a small seed. • Scientists ___________new drugs to treat arthritis. • France _____________good relations with both the USA and the Soviet Union in 1990-91. • The government had on Dec. 2 announced its plans ____________ the coal industry. • The starting chemical cannot ______________directly into the desired end-product. • Differences between species belonging to those families could result from differences in their habitat, but might also result from differences in, say, the structure of the placenta, which ___________between the two families.

16. Important – перевод

17. Introduction – структура. Разбор

18. Problem, gap in knowledge Defining impairment and disability: issues at stake Judgments of similarityand difference are centrally atissue Atissue was a law passedin 1978 that provides special rights to Indian children and Indian parents

19. Read the following paragraph and underline those structures that work for describing a “problem” • But today much of taxonomy is perceived to be facing a new crisis — a lack of prestige • and resources that is crippling the continuing cataloguing of biodiversity. • A second problem is part of the legacy of more than 200 years of systematics. Many • taxonomists spend most of their career trying to interpret the work of nineteenthcentury • systematicists: deconstructing their often inadequate published descriptions, • or scouring the world’s museums for type material that is often in very poor condition. • A depressing fraction of published systematic research concerns these issues. • In some taxonomic groups the past acts as a dead weight on the subject, the complex • synonymy and scattered type material deterring anyone from attempting a • modern revision. As Frank-Thorsten Krell pointed out in Correspondence (Nature • 415, 957; 2002), “original descriptions have to be referred to for ever, independent of the • paper’s quality”. The problems do not always lie in the past. Even today, many species are being described • poorly in isolated publications, with no attempt to relate a new taxon to existing • species and classifications. Many of these ‘new’ species will have been described before, • so sorting out the mess will be the headache of the next generation of taxonomists. It is not • surprising if funding bodies view much of what taxonomists do as poor value for money.

20. Read the following paragraph and underline those structures that work for describing a “problem” • But today much of taxonomy is perceived to be facing a new crisis— a lack of prestige • and resources that is crippling the continuing cataloguing of biodiversity. • A second problem is part of the legacy of more than 200 years of systematics. Many • taxonomists spend most of their career trying to interpret the work of nineteenthcentury • systematicists: deconstructing their often inadequate published descriptions, • or scouring the world’s museums for type material that is often in very poor condition. • A depressing fraction of published systematic research concerns these issues. • In some taxonomic groups the past acts as a dead weight on the subject, the complex • synonymy and scattered type material deterring anyone from attempting a • modern revision. As Frank-Thorsten Krell pointed out in Correspondence (Nature • 415, 957; 2002), “original descriptions have to be referred to for ever, independent of the • paper’s quality”. The problems do not always lie in the past. Even today, many species are being described • poorly in isolated publications, with no attempt to relate a new taxon to existing • species and classifications. Many of these ‘new’ species will have been described before, • so sorting out the mess will be the headache of the next generation of taxonomists. It is not • surprising if funding bodies view much of what taxonomists do as poor value for money.

21. Lexical negation • Beyond the mainstream • Previous work has only focused on / been limited to / failed to address • Thecentral / coreproblemof • Little evidence • Ambiguous / deficient/ doubtful/ far from perfect/ ill-defined/inconclusive/ inadequate/ impractical/ inaccurate/ incompatible with / inconclusive/ ineffective / inflexible/ misleading/ • Current solutions to the problem are inconsistent / inadequate / incorrect / ineffective / inefficient / weak/ lacking/ over-simplistic / unsatisfactory/ ill-defined / unfounded / not well grounded / unsupported / ambiguous/ questionable / disputable / debatable/ misunderstood / have not been dealt with in depth ( precision) • Techniques to solve X are computationally demanding / subject to high overheads / time consuming / impractical / frequently unfeasible. • A major defect / difficulty / drawback / disadvantage / flaw/ limitation/ problem/ weakness of X is … • This particular / specific area of X has been overlooked / has been neglected / dismissed/ remains unclear/ only confined to/ remain unstudied/ require clarification … • Genome scale comparisons among bryophytes thus also remain extremely scarce (e.g., Liu et al., • No studies to date have explored infraspecific genomic variation and relative rates of substitution across all three genomic compartments in a bryophyte based on complete organellar and nuclear ribosomal repeat sequences.

22. Syntactic means • Despite this interest, no one to the best of our knowledge / as far as we know has studied … • Although this approach is interesting, it suffers from / fails to take into account / does not allowfor … • In spite of / Despite its shortcomings, this method has been widely applied to … • However, there is still a need for / has been little discussion on … • Moreover, other solutions / research programs / approaches have failed to provide … • Most studies have only ( solely) focused / tended to focus on … • To date / Until now this methodology has only been applied to … • There is still some / much / considerable controversy surrounding … • There has been some disagreement concerning / regarding / with regard to whether • There is little / no general agreement on … • The community has raised some issues / concerns about … • Concerns have arisen / been raised which question / call into question the validity of … • In the light of recent events in x, there is now some / much / considerable concern about …

23. In spite of • + существительное • ing form • The fact that ( не советуют) • Despite • + существительное • ing form despite; in spite of. For brevity, prefer despite. • Although • предложение notwithstanding. One word!Less formal alternatives include despite, although, and in spite of. The word notwithstanding may precede or follow a noun

24. Серьезная проблема в большинстве лабораторных измерений возникает из-за того, что... • Следовательно, в связи с..., не возникает никаких • Сложности возникают, как только мы пытаемся • Эта проблема не возникает при/когда • Эта ситуация может также возникнуть, если... • В свете этого законен вопрос. .. • Вопрос... все еще остается, в основном, без ответа, хотя • Многие авторы поставили под вопрос справедливость этого утверждения. .. • Данная задача не была адекватно освещена в литературе. • Эти аспекты проблемы все еще не исследованы. • Для решения подобной проблемы достаточно • Однако подавляющее большинство практических задач рассматривает. ..

25. Aim! Goal target purpose intention objective • This paper outlines / proposes / describes / presents a new approach to … • This paper examines / seeks to address / focuses on / discusses / investigates how to solve … • This paper is an overview of / a review of / a report on / a preliminary attempt to … • The present paper aims to validate / call into question / refute Peng’s findings regarding … • X is presented / described / analyzed / computed / investigated / examined / introduced / discussed • The aim of our work / research / study / analysis was to further / extend / widen / broaden current knowledge of … • Our knowledge of X is largely based on very limited data. The aim of the research was thus/ therefore / consequentlyto • The aim of this study is to study / evaluate / validate / determine / examine / analyze / calculate / estimate / formulate … • This paper calls into question / takes a new look at / re-examines / revisits / sheds new light on …

26. About hypothesesassumptions • We hypothesized that . . . Put forward • We tested the hypothesis that . . . • We asked whether . . . • To answer this question, . . . • This prompted us to investigate whether . . . • To resolve this apparent difference . . . • We solved this problem by . . . • The purpose of our study was . . . • To the best of our knowledge / As far as we know / We believe that no other authors have found that x = y. • It would seem / appear that … • Our findings would seem to show / demonstrate / suggest / imply that x = y. • This factor may be responsible / is probably responsible / could well be responsible for this result. • Presumably / We hypothesize / I argue that this factor is

27. HypothesisHypothesis (pl. hypotheses) – гипотеза Each of us can make/propose/put forwarda hypothesis This hypothesis may be acceptable, plausible or vice versa unlikely, speculative. Hypothesescan be discussed, examined, tested (out). Примеры:1)… then a hypothesis has been put forward to be tested.2) Several scientists questioned the hypothesis that….

28. Следовательно, гипотеза не верна (= не справедлива). • Consequently, the hypothesis is not true/ false. • It follows that the hypothesis is false • Smb suggested that the hypothesis may not hold true in… ( здесь пойдет разговор об определенных обстоятельствах) • Some hypothesis breaks down when confronted/ applied/ tested

29. Charrs of genus Salvelinus (Salmonidae, Osteichthyes), inhabiting the Pacific Beringia region, are divided into two closely related complex taxa: S. malma (Dolly Varden) and S. alpinus (Arctic Charr), or S. taranetzisensulato(TaranetsCharr) (Brunner et al., 2001; Oleinik, Skurikhina & Brykov, 2007; Osinov & Pavlov, 1998; Taylor et al., 2008). Sympatric habitations of charrs in the western Alaska are limited and phylogeny of the taxa was established (McPhail, 1961; Behnke, 1980; McCart, 1980; Reist, Johnson & Carmichael, 1997; Taylor et al., 2008), as well as the north-eastern Asia charr localizations and phylogenetic relationships were not studied enough (Salmenkova & Omelchenko, 2013). • Charrs of thegenusSalvelinus (Salmonidae, Osteichthyes), inhabiting the Pacific Beringia region, are divided into two closely related complex taxa: S. malma(Dolly Varden) and S. alpinus (Arctic Charr), or S. taranetzisensulato (TaranetsCharr) (Brunner et al., 2001; Oleinik, Skurikhina&Brykov, 2007; Osinov& Pavlov, 1998; Taylor et al., 2008). Sympatric habitations of charrs in the western Alaska are limited thus thephylogeny of the taxa was established (McPhail, 1961; Behnke, 1980; McCart, 1980; Reist, Johnson & Carmichael, 1997; Taylor et al., 2008), while the north-eastern Asia charr localizations and phylogenetic relationships were not studied enough (Salmenkova&Omelchenko, 2013).

30. The contemporary fish fauna of high latitudes was formed predominantly by cycling glaciations during the Pleistocene. Many freshwater and anadromous species settled father to the south during the temperature minimums and consequently were trapped in local waterbodies distant from their native range (inhabitant) (Dorfel, 1974; Alekseyevet al., 1999; Barabanshchikov, 2003; Hamilton et al., 2006). These local relict populations are usually surrounded by the closely related much more numerous species; and evolutionary relationship between these taxa is both: complicated and controversial. Therefore, tracing the relict’s genealogy sheds light on historical aspects of how contemporary fauna was formed.

31. Particularly, two charrspecies of the genus Salvelinus inhabit the Pacific Beringia region. One of these speciesSalvelinusalpinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Articcharr or Taranetzcharr in Russian terminology) prevails in the northern part of the area, while the other one – Salvelinusmalma (Walbaum, 1972) (Dolly Varden) in the southern part (Osinov & Pavlov, 1998; Brunner et al., 2001; Taylor et al., 2008; Oleinik et al., 2015). The well established coexistence of anadromous Dolly Varden and local populations of Arctic charr is found in more than ten lakes of western Alaska (McPhail, 1961; Behnke, 1980; McCart, 1980; Reistet al., 1997; Taylor et al., 2008), while (можно просто but) there is little information about the coexistence of these two species in north-eastern Asia (Salmenkova & Omelchenko, 2013).

32. In the opposite to Dolly Varden widespread dominance along the Pacific Coast of Asia, the TaranetsCharranadromous and resident forms are distributed from Chukotka Peninsula to the Dergavin’s Bay (Chereshnev, 1991; Chereshnev et al., 2002). Representatives of the current taxonuse to spawn in lakes to be out of competition with Dolly Varden employing riverbed areas. Earlier several distinct isolate lacustrine populations of TaranetsCharr were described from the lakes of Chukotka (Chereshnev et al., 2002; Gudkov, 2005; Omelchenko, 2005; Salmenkova & Omelchenko, 2013; Osinov et al., 2015). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of mitochondrial DNA was used to reveal similar “arctic type” haplotype sets of the aforementioned populations and lack of Dolly Vardenhaplotypes (Oleinik & Skurichina, 2007; Salmenkova & Omelchenko, 2013). Arctic morphotype populations were also observed in the Uyeginskoye and the Corral’ Lakes located in the Okhota River Basin along the Sea of Okhotsk continental coast (Volobuev, 1976, 1977; Glubokovsky, 1995). Later similar morphotype populations were found in some lakes belonging to the Inya, the Ola, the Nayakhan and the Yama River Basins, which are located to the east from the Okhota River (Chereshnev, 1990; Gudkov & Radchenko, 2000; Gudkov, Alekseev & Kirillov, 2003). All these rivers were inhabited by Dolly Vardenanadromous form. The mitochondrial haplotype set of the Okhotsk Basin charr populations consisted of one Dolly Varden most common haplotype (Radchenko, 2003; 2004a). Whereas Dolly Vardenis lengthy distributed from Beringia to the Ulbansky Bay, Arctic Charr distribution area is divided by the Kamchatka Peninsula. • As opposed to a widespread dominance ofDollyVardenalong the Pacific Coast of Asia, the TaranetsCharranadromous and resident forms are distributed from Chukotka Peninsula to the Dergavin’s Bay (Chereshnev, 1991; Chereshnevet al., 2002). • Representatives of the current taxon use to spawn in lakes ( use lakes for spawning? Spawn in lakes – без use)) to be out of competition with Dolly Varden employing riverbed areas. Several distinct isolate lacustrine populations of TaranetsCharr were described earlier forthe lakes of Chukotka (Chereshnevet al., 2002; Gudkov, 2005; Omelchenko, 2005; Salmenkova&Omelchenko, 2013; Osinovet al., 2015). In order to reveal similar “arctic type” haplotype sets of the aforementioned populations and prove the lack of Dolly Vardenhaplotypes the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of mitochondrial DNA was used(Oleinik&Skurichina, 2007; Salmenkova&Omelchenko, 2013). • The studies showed that all these rivers were inhabited by Dolly Vardenanadromous form. The mitochondrial haplotype set of the Okhotsk Basin charr populations consisted of one Dolly Varden most common haplotype (Radchenko, 2003; 2004a). Whereas Dolly Vardenis widely spread from Beringia to the Ulbansky Bay, Arctic Charr distribution area is divided by the Kamchatka Peninsula.

34. Researchers suggested that there are two different relict species in each lake (Glubokovsky, 1995; Savvaitova, 1976, 1989; Frolov, 2005). RFLP analysis of the control mitochondrial region showed that these two charr populations are phylogenetically close to TaranetsCharr from the Chukotka Peninsula (Oleinik&Skurikhina, 2007; Oleinik, 2013). • ( hypothesized?)

35. Ways of Kamchatka lake colonization are obviously associated with invasion of the anadromous form of Arctic Charr to the south of the peninsula by the end of Pleistocene last glacial period. It is a zoogeographical incident why Arctic Charr populations were found on the south of Kamchatka and not observed on the both sides of the peninsula Central Range. It is known about more than ten post-glacial lakes on both coasts of Kamchatka. Thus, there are several potential habitats of Arctic Charrs in the mountain lakes, which are yet underexplored. • Kamchatka lake seems to be most obviously colonized through the invasion of the anadromous form of Arctic Charr to the south of the peninsula by the end of Pleistocene last glacial period. The reason why Arctic Charr populations were found on the south of Kamchatka and not observed on both sides of the peninsula Central Range is a zoogeographical incident. More than ten post-glacial lakes on both coasts of Kamchatka are reported to exist, that means that several potential habitats of Arctic Charrsare yet underexplored.

36. The possible ways of Kamchatka peninsula lake colonization by Salvelinus species are discussed herein. Morphological diversification and genetic diversity of the charrs from the six post-glacial Kamchatka lakes are provided • In the present paper charrs from six postglacial lakes situated on westen and easten sides of the KamchatkanCentaral Range are studied. (Или the present paper explores ) All these lacustrinecharrs are proposed to be divided in two morphologically and genetically distant groups that could be associated with Arctic charr and Dolly Varden correspondingly. The possible ways of contemporary charr fauna formation at Kamchatkan region after glaciers melting are also discussed.

39. III. Основные проблемы при написании статей – 3)грамматические 2) Соотношение активного и пассивного залога 3) Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные Research, evidence 4) Множественное число

40. III. Основные проблемы при написании статей – 3)грамматические • 1) ошибки In the further text considered only are sequenced samples.  It seems that any fundamental role in triggering sexual behaviouris unlikely. • In addition, it do not retain the oxygen-evolving complex. • Kaolinite is the most studied two-layered clay mineral and the most simple ( the simplest) for interpretation in the light of the complex triple interaction.

41. III. Основные проблемы при написании статей – 3)грамматические • 1) ошибки In the further text considered only are sequenced samples.  It seems that any fundamental role in triggering sexual behaviouris unlikely. • In addition, it do not retain the oxygen-evolving complex. • Kaolinite is the most studied two-layered clay mineral and the most simple ( the simplest) for interpretation in the light of the complex triple interaction. • We assumed that the first group of charrs should be associated with lacustrine Arctic Charr (Salvelinustaranetzi) and the second group – with common Dolly Varden (Salvelinusmalma), which were fed ( feed) in the lakes and spawned ( spawn) in the tributaries.

42. Methods • Two dye jets are placed in the laser cavity, a gain jey is then excited by an argon ion laser and the pulses are spatially filtered in order to obtain a Gasuan beam. Polarisation is confirmed using a polarizing cube. The pulses were split into reference pulses and the reference pulses were carefully aligned into the detector to minimize noise levels.

43. Change • Fig.4 shows the time dynamics of two indicators revealing significant differences between them with more smoother dynamics for Ae and with high-amplitude random fluctuations for As. Besides, comparing of O2 and F3 graphs reveals a whole series of episodes of opposite tendencies between two indexes, i.e. differences in their topographical relations. For example Asi and Aei estimates in O2 are significantly different but in F3 they are equal or their ratio is changes to opposite. Such topographic differences are extremely disturbing as they can lead to differences in results and conclusions for intergroup comparisons estimating influence of various factors as age, sex, occupation, pathology, functional condition, motivation, social or professional affiliation, etc

44. A revised version • Significant differences between the time dynamics of two indicators is illustrated in Fig.4: the dynamics for Ae is smoother compared to a high-amplitude random fluctuations for As. Besides, comparing O2 and F3 graphs reveals a whole series of episodes of opposite tendencies between two indexes, i.e. differences in their topographical relations. For example Asi and Aei estimates differ significantly in O2, but they are equal or their ratio changes to opposite in F3. Such topographic differences are extremely disturbing because they can lead to incompatibility of results and conclusions for intergroup comparisons estimating influence of various factors such as age, sex, occupation, pathology, functional condition, motivation, social or professional affiliation, etc.

45. Change • For more detailed numerical study of adequacy of considered indicators a several methodological approaches can be used. As the equivalence of free natural estimates has been shown above then in further comparisons we will mainly use the measure based on envelope.

46. A revised version • Several methodological approaches can be applied for a more detailed numerical study of adequacy of considered indicators. As the equivalence of free natural estimates has been shown above then in further comparisons we mainly use the measure based on an envelope.

47. Order of things • We examined the sediment and thenauplii after 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 14 months. In order to examine them, the nauplii were extracted from the sediment and washed in fresh water several times before imaging, SEM-analyses, and chitin staining.

48. The nauplii were extracted from the sediment and washed in fresh water several times prior to ….

49. The sample, which was filtered and acidified at pH 2, was mixed with X. • The sample was filtered and acidified at pH 2 and then mixed with X.

50. Ambiguity • Employing a straight platinum wire rabbit, sheep and human blood agar plates were inoculated • Having completed the study, the bacteria were of no further interest.