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Chapter 19

Chapter 19. The Industrial Age 1876 - 1900. Essential Question. How did technological advances change people’s lives and affect businesses?. I. The Second Industrial Revolution. Second Industrial Revolution: a period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s Steel Industry :

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Chapter 19

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  1. Chapter 19 The Industrial Age 1876 - 1900

  2. Essential Question • How did technological advances change people’s lives and affect businesses?

  3. I. The Second Industrial Revolution • Second Industrial Revolution: a period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s • Steel Industry: • Bessemer Process: a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron • Railroads: • Cheap steel means more railroads • Passenger service improved (sleeping cars) • Faster shipping of products

  4. Oil and Electricity • Oil, or petroleum, now used as a major power source • Electricity becomes a source of light and power • Patents: exclusive rights to make or sell inventions • Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse

  5. Inventions • Alexander Graham Bell: 1876 - patented the telephone • 1876 – 1893 – gasoline engines used in motorcars (only for wealthy) • Henry Ford: 1908 - launches the Model T using the assembly line to reduce cost and make cars more affordable

  6. II. Big Business Leaders • Corporations: business that sell portions of ownership called stocks • Social Darwinism: view of society based on Darwin’s theory of natural selection • Andrew Carnegie – controlled the steel corporation using vertical integration: ownership of a business involved in each step of the manufacturing process • $298.3 billion (2012) • John D. Rockefeller – controlled the oil industry (Standard Oil) using horizontal integration: owning all business in a certain field and trusts: grouping together a number of companies under a single board of directors (trustees) • $663.4 billion (2012) • Bill Gates - $ 59 billion (2012)

  7. Antitrust Movement • Critics feel business leaders were earning their fortunes through unfair practices and driving out competition • Monopoly: total ownership of a product or service • Sherman Antitrust Act: 1890 – made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade • Did not actually define what a trust or monopoly was, so it was hard to enforce

  8. III. Industrial Workers • Machines run by unskilled workers • Specialization brought costs down and production up • Frederick Taylor: 1909 - efficiency engineer encouraged owners to view workers as interchangeable parts • Working conditions get worse

  9. Workers Organize • Knights of Labor: 1870 – first national labor union • Led by Terrence Powderly • Equal pay for equal work • End child labor • 8-hr workday • Every type of worker • American Federation of Labor (AFL): 1890 • Led by Samuel Gompers • Only skilled workers • Collective bargaining: all workers acting collectively had a much better chance in negotiation with management

  10. Labor Strikes • Haymarket Riot: 1886 – in Chicago, someone threw a bomb and killed 8 police officers – Knights of Labor were blamed • Homestead Strike: 1892 – 16 people killed in a gun battle between strikers and Pinkerton detectives at Carnegie’s steel factory • Pullman Strike: 1894 – workers stop traffic on railroad lines to protest Pullman’s laying off of workers – federal troops sent in to stop the strike

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