Arduino Programming Micro-Controllers

1. Arduino Programming Micro-Controllers

2. Overview Before we begin it is important to have an understanding of the Arduino development environment. In general the Arduino version of the Processing IDE does a number of things that makes it easier to program the Arduino. Arduino's IDE allows an individual project, or sketch, to contain multiple files. Each of the files within a sketch is displayed in a separate tab. Tabs for a file with an extension of .pde have a label that contains the name of the file without its extension. On the other hand tabs for files with any other extension are labeled with the entire file name, including the extension. http://openhardwareplatform.blogspot.com/2011/03/inside-arduino-build-process.html

3. The Arduindo IDE • During the build process the Arduino IDE performs four major tasks: • Combine Files: The .pde files are contatinated together. • Transformations: Adds function prototypes and #include statement. • Compile Code: Each .c and .cpp is compiled into .o files. • Linking: The .o files are linked together with library files.

4. 1. Combine Files The first step in the build process involves concatenating the .pde files into a single program. You should keep in mind that when you build a sketch, the processes are performed against copies of your files that are placed in a temporary directory. On the other hand when you "Upload" a sketch, the build process occurs within the applet directory - a subdirectory of the sketch. The name of the file that is created during the concatenation process is called {sketchName}.cpp; where {sketchName} is the name of your "primary" .pde file.

5. 2. Transformations The Arduino environment makes a few alterations, or transformations, to your code before it is compiled. The only code that is altered during Arduino's preprocessing is the concatinated version of the .pde files ({sketchName}.cpp). This .cpp file is altered in two ways. First off Arduino adds the following line of code before the first line of any of your code, but after any comments:#include "WProgram.h"This line of code imports (includes) a header file that contains some key Arduino definitions and additional includes that make the world of coding for Arduino hardware much easier.The final step of the transformation is to append the contents of the main.cxx file for the current target to the bottom of the {sketchName}.cpp file.

6. 3. Compile Code Once the build process completes the Combine Files and Transformations steps, it creates an "includePaths" List that is used for each components it compiles.  The include path for the compilation process will consist of the sketch's directory, the target directory ({ArduinoPath}\hardware\arduino\cores\arduino), and the AVR include directory {ArduinoPath}\hardware\tools\avr\avr\include), as well as any libraries ({ArduinoPath}\libraries) referenced in the {sketchName}.cpp file.

7. The Arduino IDE individually submits each of the .s,  .c and .cpp files that are part of the sketch, including the {sketchName}.cpp file, to AVR-GCC for compilation. The options used by the Arduino IDE to compile the these .s, .c, and .cpp files are shown below. .s Files avr-gcc -c -g -assembler-with-cpp -mmcu={boardPreferences.get("build.mcu")} -DF_CPU={boardPreferences.get("build.f_cpu")} -DARDUINO={Base.REVISION} -I -o .cpp Files avr-gcc -c -g -Os -w -fno-exceptions -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -mmcu={boardPreferences.get("build.mcu")} -DF_CPU={boardPreferences.get("build.f_cpu")} -DARDUINO={Base.REVISION} -I -o .c Files avr-gcc -c -g -Os -w -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -mmcu={boardPreferences.get("build.mcu")} -DF_CPU={boardPreferences.get("build.f_cpu")} -DARDUINO={Base.REVISION} -I -o

8. 4. Linking In this context linking is used to describe the process of combining the object and archive files into a single .hex file. In order to accomplish this the Arduino IDE goes through three distinctive stages; ELF File Creation, EEP File Creation and HEX File Creation. ELF File Creation The bulk of the linking process occurs during the creation of the .elf file. The Arduino IDE uses AVR-GCC to combine/link the object files and the archive file into a single Executable and Linkable Format output - .elf file. avr-gcc -Os -Wl,--gc-sections -mmcu={boardPreferences.get("build.mcu")} -o -L -lm

9. EEP File Creation The .eep file is created by performing an AVR-OBJCOPY using the afore-mentioned .elf file as input. The Arduino IDE executes the AVR-OBJCOPY command using the following program options. HEX File Creation The final step the Arduino IDE performs during the build process is to create the .hex file. This is the file that is passed to AVRDUDE when uploading code to the Arduino board. avr-objcopy -O -R ihex -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom-alloc,load --no-change-warnings --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 avr-objcopy -O -R ihex .eeprom

10. Conclusion The Arduino Team did an excellent job creating a user friendly experience. A big part of that is removing the burden of creating and maintaining makefiles for your embedded systems work. The Arduino IDE is well suited for the novice software develop and of course the hardware platform is a great tool for many fun and exciting hobbyist endeavors. From a professional perspective the tool does have its short-comings. Overall I enjoy Arduino, and the team that developed it. http://openhardwareplatform.blogspot.com/2011/03/inside-arduino-build-process.html

11. Arduino Project Ideas let me GOOGLE that for you... http://www.instructables.com/id/20-Unbelievable-Arduino-Projects/ http://hacknmod.com/hack/top-40-arduino-projects-of-the-web/ http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/8-cool-components-arduino-projects/ http://www.chrismarion.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121:firehero&catid=43:pyrotechnics&Itemid=226

12. Arduinos in Space! http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/575960623/ardusat-your-arduino-experiment-in-space

13. Inside ArduSAT

14. ArduSAT Ideas SCIENCE: Meteor Hunter - Small meteors that strike the atmosphere every day created trails of ionized gas in the atmosphere in the upper atmosphere. Write an experiment to try and detect meteor impacts, by listening for radio stations beyond the horizon, reflected by the meteor trails! FINANCE and SECURITY: True Random Number Generator - Cosmic rays are truly random and can be used to generate a sequence of truly random numbers. These are crucial (and hence valuable) for devising and testing financial models, secure codes, simulations and other scientific and commercial applications. ENGINEERING: Your Eye in the Sky - Try writing an app that would synchronize the output of a head mounted-gyro to the steering system on the satellite. If you’re feeling really ambitious, try downlinking the attitude vector in real-time to watch the satellite follow your head - you could even tie-in your head-steering to our program that takes pictures! (Talk to Joel if you’re interested in this experiment!)  ENGINEERING: Point-and-shoot - The following settings can be set on the camera: "exposure, gamma, gain, white balance, color matrix, windowing". Try designing an algorithm that fine-tunes the settings to take even better pictures or more artistic pictures! ENTERTAINMENT: Geiger Counter Bingo - Write an app that transmits a message with a random number and letter every time a particle hits the satellite with enough energy. Have a 'bingo from space' game between HAM radio amateurs. ENTERTAINMENT: Photography Competition - See who among your friends can snap the coolest/most interesting picture from space. The eye of a hurricane, sunrise over the Indian ocean, even aurora from space – see what marvels you can capture!