Jane Knight, OISE, University of Toronto NESI Workshop

1. Internationalization of Higher Education -Five Questions- Jane Knight, OISE, University of Toronto NESI Workshop African Network for the Internationalization of Education Uganda, November 2010

2. Five Questions about Internationalization • What does it mean? • Why is it important? • What are the benefits and risks? • How is it changing? • What are some key issues?

3. What does Internationalization mean?? • Means different things to different people! • Is it becoming a catch-all phrase for anything remotely related to international, inter-cultural, global? • Need some clarity on what it is and isn’t.

4. INTERNATIONALIZATION AT HOME ABROAD / CROSSBORDER GLOBALIZATION CATALYST REACTOR AGENT • Mobility of • people • programs • providers • projects / services • policy • curriculum/ teaching / learning • open access education &resources • domestic students / faculty • international student / scholars • extracurricular activity • research

5. Working Definition Internationalization of higher education • Is a process • Ofintegrating • An international, intercultural, global dimension • Into goals, teaching/learning, research, service delivery • Of higher education institutions and systems

6. Growth in International activities in last decade (1) • New international networks and consortia • Increasing academic mobility of students, professors, researchers • More academic programs on regional, international and comparative themes • Emphasis on intercultural competencies • Stronger interest in collaborative research on global issues

7. Growth in Int Activities (2) • More crossborder delivery – programs, branch campuses, virtual??? • New impetus for recruiting foreign students • Rise in double and joint degrees • Move to regionalization- increased cooperation and alignment of systems within a region (policy mobility) • Less emphasis on capacity building projects at national and institutional levels

8. Perspectives on Rationales • Multiple stakeholders and actors • Within HEIs, Govt, Org, Industry-all levels • Multiple rationales and drivers Institutional Level National Level

9. Existing Rationales • Political • Foreign policy, national security, peace and mutual understanding, Soft Power • Economic • Economic growth, competitiveness, labour market, HRD • Academic • Quality, capacity building, status, • Cultural/Social • Cultural identity, intercultural understanding

10. IAU Internationalization Survey • Results- 2003, 2005, 2009 • Respondents- HEI leaders 95 countries • 2009 results at ANIE conference

11. WHY? Institutional Rationales • Diversify source of students and faculty • Create international profile • Strengthen research capacity • Promote curriculum innovation • Increase student and faculty knowledge • Contribute to academic quality • Diversify income generation

12. Rationales at Institutional level 22% • Inter faculty & students 21% Research capacity 18% International profile 14% Academic quality 13% Diversity of faculty/students 8% Curriculum innovation 4% Diversify income N= 526

13. 1 Rationales at Institutional Level by Region Overall Ranking Africa Asia and Pacific Europe Latin America and Caribbean Middle East North America Rationales Internationalize student and faculty 22% 18% 21% 21% 35% Research capacity 21% 33% 20% 28% 33% International profile 18% 22% N=526 HEIs #1 Importance #2 Importance Academic quality 14% 24% 17% Source of faculty and students 13% 17% Curriculum innovation 8% Income generation 4% 24%

14. WHY? NationalRationales • Increase competitiveness • Promote international cooperation • Develop strategic alliances • Strengthen education exports • Build human resource capacity • Further cultural awareness • Contribute to regional priorities

15. Rationales at National Level 28% Competitiveness 20% Strategic alliances 15% Human resource capacity 14% International cooperation 9% Cultural awareness 7% Education exports 7% Regional priorities N= 526

16. Rationales atNationalLevel by Region Rationales Overall Ranking Africa Asia and Pacific Europe Latin America and Caribbean Middle East North America Competitiveness 28% 26% 31% 30% 23% 24% Strategic alliances 20% 20% 21% 20% Human resource capacity 15% 22% 19% 23% 32% International solidarity 14% N=526 HEIs #1 Importance #2 Importance Cultural awareness 9% Regional priorities 7% Education export 7%

17. Rationales- IAU 2005 Institutional National Africa Research HRD Asia PacificInt Student Competitiveness Europe Int Profile Competitiveness Latin Amer Research Competitiveness Middle East Research HRD North Amer Int Student Competitiveness

18. Taking the Pulse – Recent Headlines from WUN- • End of the education ‘gold rush’ • Chinese given false degrees • Anti-fraud unit to thwart bogus applications • African brain drain worsens • Scrutiny and standards for branch campus • A deadly silencing of scholars • China recession poses “cataclysmic threat to global higher education

19. Taking the pulse…… continued • 7 top world universities form alliance • Partnerships “boost” African universities • MIT votes for public access to research • H Ed confers huge economic benefits • China graduates on the move • Columbia opens global centres • Ireland pays to teach Irish overseas • Queensland opens Confucius Institute

20. Benefits and Risks • Individual • Institutional • Higher Education System • National/Society • Regional • International

21. Benefits and Risks

22. Benefits • Internationalize staff and students • Academic quality • Revenue generation • Brain Gain • International solidarity • Innovation in curriculum, teaching, research • National and international citizenship • Diversity of programs • Strengthen research

23. Benefits of Internationalization 22% Internationalize staff/students Academic quality 21% 15% Strengthen research 14% Innovation in curriculum 12% International solidarity 6% Diversity of programs 4% Nat. and int. citizenship 4% Revenue generation 2% Brain Gain N= 526

24. Benefits of Internationalization by Region Benefits Overall Ranking Africa Asia and Pacific Europe Latin American and Caribbean Middle East North America Internationalized students and staff 22% 20% 24% 25% Academic quality 21% 29% 17% 22% 35% 20% 18% Research 15% 18% Innovation in curriculum 14% 29% 27% N=526 HEIs #1 Importance #2 Importance International solidarity 12% 13% Greater diversity of programs 6% Foster ‘nat and int citizenship’ 4% Increased revenue generation 4% Brain gain 2%

25. Risks • Homogenize curriculum • Loss of cultural identity • Jeopardize quality • Growing elitism • Overuse of English • Commercialization • Brain drain • More foreign degree mills

26. Risks of Internationalization 23% Commercialization 17% More foreign degree mills 15% Brain drain 12% Growing elitism 9% Overuse of English 9% Loss of cultural identity 8% Jeopardize quality 7% Homogenize curriculum N= 526

27. Risks of Internationalization by Region Risks Overall Ranking Africa Asia and Pacific Europe Latin American and Caribbean Middle East North America Commercialization 23% 21% 26% 21% 23% 24% Foreign degree mills’ 17% 17% 21% 22% Brain Drain 15% 21% 15% 22% Elitism 12% 17% N=526 HEIs #1 Importance #2 Importance Overuse of English 9% Loss of cultural identity 9% 17% 32% Jeopardize quality 8% Homogenization of curriculum 7%

28. Convergence or Divergence? • Institutional - Academic rationales high #1 Internationalize students and faculty #2 Enhance research National-Competitiveness prevails #1 Competitiveness- scientific, technological, economic #2 Strategic alliances

29. Shifts in Internationalization?? Quality Cooperation Academic Mobility New Providers and Actors Geographic Preferences Aid and Trade

30. Quality Shift From Quality for academic excellence to Quality for international brand (R&R Factor) Quality Standards – standardization? Accreditation- one size fits all?

31. Cooperation Shift Cooperation for solidarity to Cooperation for competitiveness Or is it a shift from cooperation to competition?

32. Academic Mobility Shifts • Shift from ‘at home” to ‘across borders’ • Student still most important • Faculty growing importance • Increase in program and provider mobility • Education hubs appearing • Virtual mobility of education and resources ---OER ??????

33. Shift in new providers and actors • Diversity of new providers- from traditional HEIs to • Companies, NGOS, Networks – public/private • Policy actors – from Education to • science and technology, trade, immigration, employment, culture, foreign relations

34. Aid - Trade Shift Development Academic Commercial Cooperation Collaboration Competition Aid to Trade Aid for Trade Aid through Trade Influence of commercialization, market and GATS

35. New Issues and Challenges • The growth of international and regional research Networks • Internationalization –peril or promise for access and equity • Academic Mobility- brain gain, brain drain, brain train • From development cooperation to academic collaboration to commercial competition • International dimension of ICT, distance education, OER • Internationalization and cultural identity • Internationalization: A form of neo-colonization or capacity building (soft power)

36. Issues and Challenges • Internationalization of the curriculum • Commodification and commercialization of crossborder education • Recognition of Qualifications- nationally, regionally, internationally • International reputation and ranking of Universities • Quality assurance and accreditation of foreign Providers and Programs • Role and responsibilities of national, regional and international actors

37. Five Questions about Internationalization • What does it mean? • Why is it important? • What are the benefits and risks? • How is it changing? • What are some key issues?

38. 6th Question for reflection? Is internationalization a means to an end or an end unto itself?

39. Thank you jane.knight@utoronto.ca

40. Emerging Rationales • Institutional Level • International Branding and Profile • Quality Assurance/ International Standards • Student and Staff Development • Income Generation • Strategic Alliances • Knowledge Production

41. Rationales Emerging • National Level • Human resources development for knowledge economy • Strategic alliances and competitiveness • Income generation/trade • Nation building/ institution building/ status building • Social/Cultural Development and Mutual Understanding