English Linguistics 1

1. English Linguistics 1

2. so far: 4. Meaningfulbuildingblocks: morphology 4.1 Morphological analysis 4.2 Typology of morphemes 4.3 Word formation 4.3.1 New meanings in new forms 4.3.1.1 Coinage, invention 4.3.1.2 Borrowing Session 6

3. new: 4.3.2 Old meanings in new forms 4.3.2.1 Clipping 4.3.2.2 Acronyming 4.3.2.3 Blending  4.3.3 New meanings in old forms 4.3.3.1 Derivation 4.3.3.2 Zero derivation 4.3.3.3 Backformation 4.3.3.4 Compounding Session 6

4. 4.3.2 Old meanings in new forms e-mail – shortened form of ... e – new, the meaning ... principle of limited novelty: ... Session 6

5. sometimes connotational (stylistic) difference between the two formsshorter form - new form may fully replace the original,better suited for new composite words: e-mail administrator vs. … Session 6

6. 4.3.2.1 Clipping shortening or clipping the spoken form of a word pub fan - - ...  ... ... … Session 6

7.  … pet lab, intro, flu, pram  tryto find thefullforms classification according to position • ... : foil  hydrofoil • ... : detox detoxification • ... : vegan  vegetarian (semantically different!) Session 6

8. 4.3.2.2 Acronyming a phrase is replaced by a word based on the first letters of its words two types (1) Spellingacronyms / initialisms (2) Wordacronyms Session 6

9. ad (1) Spellingacronyms pronounced as sequence of letters PR - public relations CD - compact disc LP - ID - ... ... Session 6

10. ad (2) Wordacronyms pronounced as words scuba RAM Unicef - ... - ... - ... Session 6

11. - ... NASA PIN combinationof (1) and (2) … - ... Session 6

12. Subcategory of word acronyms: word suggests some aspect of the organization's / group's purpose (semantic link) NOW - National organization of Womenmay suggest 'impatience'?WAR - ... Session 6

13. 4.3.2.3 Blending replaces two words of phrase with parts of both motel  motor + hotel chunnel smog  sitcom  ... ... ... Session 6

14. ... edutainment  glassphalt  original relationship may become obscured try to find recent blends used in the media ... Session 6

15. 4.3.3 New meanings in old forms 1. Derivation 2. Zero derivation 3. Backformation 4. Compounding Session 6

16. when morphemes are combined to form new words → not only linear relationship e.g. gold + fish → goldfish in + precise + ion → imprecision syntagmatic combination always implies a hierarchicalrelationshipbetween the elements Session 6

17. Syntagmatic relationships the elements of a word or composite form characterized as modifier vs. head determinant vs. determinatum G Determinans vs. Determinatum Session 6

18. e.g. videofilm teacher decentralize what is modifier, what is head? de - centr- al - iz - ation Session 6

19. … Session 6

20. Whichoptionismoreplausbile? (a) (b) Session 6

21. 4.3.3.1 Derivation creation of new words by adding derivational affixes to other words or morphemes [ ≠ inflectional affixes]  meaning: -ment: government, settlement … -able: readable … un-: unbalanced … Session 6

22. derivational suffixes change the class of the element they are attached to white + en = whiten write + er = writer extreme + ist = extremist class-changing Exercise: find more examples for other word classes ... … … Session 6

23. .... derivational prefixes don't change the class: write fair   class-maintaining three exceptions a- N, V  A be- N  V en- A/N  V ... ... ... ... Session 6

24. derivation – most productive word formation process E derivational suffixes native (derive from OE) or foreign (borrowed) Session 6

25. where do native derivational affixes come from? -ful, -less, - ship, -ly often from full words / free morphemes - gradually  affixes = process of grammaticalization (in the lexicon, also in syntax) more generalized and more abstract meaning Session 6

26. e.g. careful, beautiful, hopeful -ful first used in compounds as mouthful(l), spoonful(l) (e.g. Shakespeare) … … … careful, trustful, hateful ... Session 6

27. -less OE ... 'without'; careless, hopeless -ful, -less still transparent Session 6

28. in many cases grammaticalizationso that origin is no longer understandable -ship in hardship, craftsmanship, friendship related to old Germanic form ... related to ... Session 6

29. -ship denotes ... similarly complicated process -ly adverb suffix beautifully Session 6

30. ME -lich,  OE -lic… -lic(as suffix)freondlic (friendly): … later: … Session 6

31. Productivity (of affixes) range: from very limited to extensive -th ... -able ... Session 6

32. competition between suffixes -ist, -ian, -ite, -er what in common? .... cyclist, balloonist, skater, pedestrian, socialist, socialite, suburbanite ? motor-, ski-, race-, boat-?, Darwinian, Darwinist, Darwinite Session 6

33. 4.3.3.2 Zero derivation / Nullableitung (to) run, drive, walk (V) (the) run, drive, walk (V  N) assumption: a zero derivational suffix is added (remember: usual for suffixes to change word class!) Session 6

34. V + Ø V  N N  V A  V N  A A  N Prt V run, drive, walk head, telephone, contact better, empty, bare … … ... Session 6

35. alternative term for zero derivation: functionalshift, conversionconversion of one word class to another without the addition of a suffix consequence: not part of derivation often difficult to know which is the basic form, Session 6

36. some sets of zero derivations show a difference in stress VN con'duct 'conduct re'bel 'rebel per'mit 'permit im'port 'import but: control, acclaim, account, accord, dissent, divorce; distance Session 6

37. 4.3.3.3Backformation / Rückbildung a new word is derived from a more complex form stage-manager  to stage-manage (result looks like compound) Session 6

38. backformation = opposite of derivation self-destruction  sedative  without knowledge of history of a word impossible to distinguish – back formation or derivation ? to ... to ... Session 6

39. some cases: presumedaffix-ar, -or, -er- no agentive suffix but part of the root morpheme: burglar  editor  lecher  pedlar/peddler  or emotion  to ... to ... to ... to ... to ... Session 6

40. 4.3.3.4Compounding / Komposition A compound (G Kompositum) consists of at least two free morphemes fruit juice wheelchair patient one-way Session 6

41. Characteristic features of compounds • 1st element - main stress • 2nd element - determines the compound's new wordclass • conceptual / semantic relations between components not predictable • syntagmatic relations ~ Session 6

42. ... ... blackbird to vacuum-clean colour-blind noun compounds, verb -, adjective - Nominalkomposita, Verb-, Adjektiv- ... Session 6

43. head of the compound modifier-head structure G Determinativkompositum ... ... ... ... ... ... dogfood, steamboat, airplane rockingchair highchair sleep-walk highlight dark-blue Session 6

44. rare: class of compound not inferable from head make-believe V+V  N, Alift-off V+ Adv  N Session 6

45. a. leather shoes b. alligator shoes c. tennis shoes d. horse shoes e. snow shoes formal equivalents, semantic relationship not predictable from form, which groupings can you suggest ? ... ... Session 6

46. draw bridge G Zugbrücke weigh bridge G Brückenwaage semantically: 'purpose', bridge for drawing, ~ weighing Session 6

47.  necessity of syntactic analysis: someone can draw … … someone can weigh … … Session 6

48. majority of compoundsendocentriccompounds / headed (modifier + head) goldfield but: skinhead, paleface, pickpocket … … Session 6

49. Compound versus syntacticgroup syntactic group - a composite syntactic unit a black bird distinction between comp. and syntactic g.: orthography unreliable … Session 6

50. stress pattern syntactic group primarystress secondary stress a ,black 'bird a ,sweet 'juice Session 6