Royal Powers and Conflict

1. Royal Powers and Conflict

2. Europe • 1500 and 1600’s philosophy of rule by ABSOLUTISM • Form of gov’t with unlimited power • Held by 1 person or a group • Divine Right-King or Queen rule derived absolute or complete authority to govern directly from God and God was responsible for his/her actions

3. Spain • Philip II (Hapsburgs) • Ruled from 1556-1589 • Most powerful monarch in all of Spanish History • Devout Catholic-went to great efforts to end Protestantism • Son of Charles V(HRE) and Isabella of Portugal

4. Philip II • Built a granite palace called El Escorial • Served as a royal court, gallery, monastery, and tomb for Spanish royalty

5. Philip II • Known as the “Prudent King” • Was cautious, hardworking, and suspicious of others • Spent most of his time reading and responding to hundreds of documents • He made all decisions and signed all papers

6. Unrest in Spain • 1469- Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unite Spain-but no central gov’t (separate laws) • Phillip II-continues this but makes Castile the dominant gov’t • By 1500’s Castile has: Largest Territory, Largest Population, Greatest Wealth

7. Castile • Castile becomes the center of Spain and the Empire • Madrid is located in Castile—becomes capital • Seville-Castilian city controlled trade and the overseas empire • 1590’s Aragon revolts--defeated

8. Religious Policies • Concerned w/large populations of religious minorities • Protestants • Morranos-Jews who converted to Christianity • Moriscos-Muslims who converted to Christianity Phillip II supported the Inquisition efforts to -eliminate heresies -He attended many of the Public Sentencing's (Autos da fe) followed by execution (Protestantism never took hold in Spain because of the Inquisition)

9. 1567—Philip II imposes Catholicism on the Netherlands • Dutch rebel • Conflict is bloody, long, and complex 1581—Dutch declare their independence—fighting continues --English support the Dutch --English begin to raid Spanish ships (Privateers)

10. Spanish Armada • Philip supported Elizabeth I early in her reign until the English helped the Dutch • 1586– Philip plans to invade England • May 30, 1588 • 130 Spanish Ships • 33,000 men • Set sail for England

11. Late July enter the English Channel in crescent formation • English have faster ships and longer range cannons • Yet they are unable to block the Spanish

12. A Stormy Sea Saves the English • 40 Spanish ships sink in the Irish Sea • They were circling Great Britain • 15,000 soldiers were killed • Spain is defeated

13. Last of the Spanish Hapsburgs • Defeat of the Armada—Beginning of decline • Costly war drained the treasury—had to borrow from foreign banks • Spanish economy suffered—inflation—sharp rise in prices w/ an increase in currency • Industry and agriculture decreased

14. Philip III and Philip IV • Son and Grandson • Lacked intelligence and interest in politics • Gov’t nobles ran the affairs of State • Mismanagement and corruption • Built extravagant homes--Royals

15. Decline of Spain • War w/ Dutch renewed under Philip IV • Conflicts w/ Germany • Overburdened and taxed citizens • Rebellion by citizens—Portugal a part of Spain since 1580 rebels—struggle until 1668 for Independence • Philip IV son—Charles II is the last Spanish Hapsburg

16. Charles II • Became King 1665 at the age of 4 • Ruled under the regency of his mother • He was physically and mentally weak • He does marry but has no children—no heirs to the throne other European monarchs plot to control Spain

17. England Tudor Dynasty 1485-1603

18. The Tudors • Bring unity to the country • Henry VII • 1st Tudor-War of the Roses • Help rebuild commercial prosperity • Encouraged foreign trade • Improved the method of tax collection • Avoided war through diplomacy • Used marriage to increase English strength in Europe

19. Henry VIII • Most powerful of all Tudor monarchs • Fought wars in Europe • Made England a great Naval power • In pursuit of a make heir—married 6 x’s • Broke from Catholicism w/Parliaments approval

20. Edward VI • Son of Henry VIII • 9 yrs old when he took the crown • Was sickly • Dies in 1552 at the age of 15

21. Mary I • Daughter of Henry VIII • Catholic • English people support her claim to the throne • Reestablishes Catholic policies married Philip II of Spain in 1554 • Kills 300 Protestants—burned at the stake—heresy (Bloody Mary)

22. Went to war with France—English lose its final foothold in France (Port Calais) • English fear Spain will control them • She dies childless • Throne then goes to

23. Elizabeth I

24. Daughter of Henry VIII • Becomes Queen in 1558—Age of 25 • Highly educated and shrewd—forceful personality sharp tongue and asserted her iron will • Often fought with Parliament • Subjects were loyal to her—believed her honest and good

25. Great cultural period during her reign—Shakespeare • Never married—saw that a “foreign prince” like Philip II was bad for England • And an English prince would cause jealousy among the English nobility • Did not want to share power

26. Court and Government • Elizabeth was assisted by a Council of Nobles • They drafted proclamations • Handled foreign affairs • Administration of justice • Regulation of PX’s and wages

27. Parliament • Did not have the power to initiate legislation • Could plead, argue and hold approval • Had influence especially to tax laws

28. Justice of the Peace • Enforced the Queen’s law—where unpaid respected community members • Most belonged to rural land owning classes • Collected taxes • Kept Gov’t informed of local problems

29. Social and Economic Policy • Elizabeth believed in the importance of social rank • Rank • Queen and court • Prominent nobles and great landed families • Gentry: lesser nobles, merchants, lawyers, and clergy • Yeomen: farmers, small landholders, laborers

30. The Statute of Apprentices of 1563 • Declared work to be a moral duty • Required to live and work where they were born • Controlled the movement of labor, wages and regulated apprenticeships

31. The Poor Laws of 1597 & 1601 • Made local areas responsible for the homeless and unemployed • Means to raise money for charities • Provide work for vagabonds

32. Elizabeth I • Inherited a monarchy that was badly in debt • She spent lavishly on court ceremonies • But was known as a “pinchpenny” • She sold official royal land, offices and licenses, monopolies, and the rights to collect customs • She was forced to turn to Parliament for taxes due to inflation and wars • When she ended her reign—England remained badly in debt

33. Foreign Policy • By Elizabeth’s time, England had lost all of its possessions on the European Continent • France was too powerful to defeat • For security relied on the English Channel for protection • Built and maintained a strong Navy • Feared an alliance between Spain & France used diplomats to protect their interests

34. Balance of Power • Work to maintain equal power throughout Europe • One nation becomes too powerful then a third nation can balance it • E.g.. England & Spain feared France—cooperated w/each other to balance France • Keep France out of the Netherlands • Later England supported the Dutch vs. Spain

35. Scotland and Ireland • 1550’s Scotland is largely Catholic—resisted English rule • Ireland resisted English rule also

36. 1560’s Elizabeth feared Scotland and Ireland would ally with Spain and attack England • Elizabeth was successful in converting Scotland to Protestantism—now an ally of England

37. Mary Queen of Scots Death Mask Madam Trousseaus Wax Museum

38. Mary Stuart • Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin • Forced to abdicate her position as Queen of Scotland in1567 • She fled to England-she is also an heir to the throne of England • Protestants feared that she could replace Elizabeth I • In 1587 Elizabeth agreed to execute Mary-she is hesitant to execute another monarch

39. In 1590’s England carried out military campaigns in Ireland to conquer the Irish

40. The Virgin Queen • 1609 Elizabeth dies—age 69—end of the Tudor Dynasty • Death Mask

41. King James VI of Scotland • Son of Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart) • Becomes King James I of England • Ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland