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Chapter 10 The Urban World

Chapter 10 The Urban World. Overview of Chapter 10. Population and Urbanization Characteristics of Urban Population Urbanization Trends City as an Ecosystem Environmental Problems in Urban Areas Environmental Benefits of Urbanization Urban Land Use Planning

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Chapter 10 The Urban World

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  1. Chapter 10The Urban World

  2. Overview of Chapter 10 • Population and Urbanization • Characteristics of Urban Population • Urbanization Trends • City as an Ecosystem • Environmental Problems in Urban Areas • Environmental Benefits of Urbanization • Urban Land Use Planning • Transportation and Urban Development • Suburban Sprawl • Making Cities More Sustainable

  3. Population and Urbanization • By 2007 or 2008, half of the world’s population will live in urban areas

  4. Population and Urbanization • Urbanization • Process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely population cities • Jobs define urban vs. rural, not populations • Rural area occupations involve harvesting natural resources • Urban area occupations involve jobs not connected with natural resources • People are moving to cities due to decrease in employment opportunities in rural areas

  5. Characteristics of Urban Population • Basic characteristics of city populations: • Diverse population in terms of race, ethnicity, religion and socioeconomic status • Younger population than local rural area • More males in developing nation cities • More females in developed nation cities

  6. Urbanization Trends • Urbanization is increasing rapidly • Especially in developing countries • World’s 10 largest cities are in developing countries

  7. Urbanization Trends • Urban Agglomeration • Urbanized core region that consists of several adjunct cities or megacities and their surrounding developed suburbs United States Urban Agglomerations (Population of 50,000 or above)

  8. Substandard Housing • Typically occupied by squatters • Illegally occupy unsafe housing • No city services • Water, sewage, garbage collection, police and fire protection • 1/3 of urban population in developing countries are squatters • Homelessness is present in lower numbers in developed countries

  9. City as an Ecosystem • POET • Population • Number of people • Organization • Social structure of city • Environment • City infrastructure and natural environment • Technology • Human intervention that directly affects the urban environment • Four variables are dependent on each other and interact like parts of a natural ecosystem

  10. Land Use- Park City, Utah Undeveloped Open Space Full Satellite View of City

  11. Environmental Problems in Urban Areas • Growing urban areas affect land use patterns • Fragment wildlife • Encroach wetlands, forests, desert, etc. • Brownfields • Urban areas of abandoned industrial or residential sites that may be contaminated from past use • Impermeable surfaces and urban runoff discharged into waterways • Motor oil, lawn fertilizers, heavy metals

  12. Environmental Problems in Urban Areas • Long commutes • Traffic congested streets • Buildup of airborne emissions due to cars and industry • Noise pollution • Urban heat island • Local heat buildup in an area of high population density • Affect local air currents and weather conditions • Contribute to buildup of pollutants- dust domes

  13. Urban Heat Island Temperature variations on a summer afternoon

  14. Environmental Benefits of Urbanization • Well-planned city can benefit the environment • Reduces pollution • Preserves rural areas • Compact Development • Design of cities where residential buildings are close to shopping, jobs and public transportation • Ex: Portland, Oregon

  15. Urban Land Use Planning • Land use based on economic concerns • From center of city outwards: • City center- Central Business District (highest taxes) • Residential properties (lower taxes than city center) • Land intensive businesses (even lower taxes) • Suburbs (lowest taxes) • Parks and green space are interspersed

  16. Urban Land Use Planning • Land Use Planning • Process of deciding the best use for undeveloped land in a given area • Influenced by political and economic factors • Regulated through zoning • Cities divided into use zones • Commercial • Residential • Industrial • Property owners must meet zoning ordinances

  17. Transportation and Urban Development • Transportation availability affects city’s spatial structure • Ex: An east coast US city • (a) 1700-1850 • (b) 1850-1910 • (c) 20th century

  18. Suburban Sprawl • Suburban Sprawl • Patchwork of vacant and developed tracts around the edges of cities • Problems • Loss of wetlands • Air pollution • Water pollution • Loss of biological habitat • 11 states now have new growth management laws (Smart Growth)

  19. Making Cities More Sustainable • Characteristics of a sustainable city • Clear, cohesive urban growth policies • Efficient use of energy and other resources • Reduction of pollution and waste • Reuse and recycle materials in waste stream • Large areas of green space • Designed to be people-centers, not car-centered • Food grown IN the city (rooftop gardens) • Compact development

  20. Copenhagen, DenmarkA People-centered City

  21. Sustainable CitiesCase in Point- Curitiba, Brazil

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