The Spread of Chinese Civilization:

1. The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam World Civilizations; The Global Experience 5th Edition, AP Edition

2. Japan

3. Japan: The Imperial Age • Indigenous cultural influences, particularly those linked to Shinto views of the natural and supernatural world, remained central to Japanese cultural developments. • During the Taika (645-710), Nara (710-784), and Heian (794-857) periods, Japanese borrowing from China peaked.

4. In 646 the Taika reforms were introduced, which were aimed at completely revamping the imperial administration along Chinese lines.

5. The Japanese aristocracy struggled to master the Confucian ways, worshipped in Chinese-style temples, and admired Buddhist art that was Chinese in subject matter and technique.

6. The peasants turned to Buddhist monks for cures or to Buddhist magic when they needed luck. • Ancient kamiare the nature spirits of Japan.

7. After the reforms were introduced the monks so became bold and powerful that the aristocracy lived in fear of street demonstrations and the escalating demands of the heads of the monastic orders. • In 794 the emperor Kammu established a new capital city at Heian, which was later called Kyoto. Buddhists were forbidden to build monasteries in the new capital.But to get around this the monks built their monasteries in the hills surrounding the city.

8. Trying to control the Buddhist monks, the emperor abandoned all pretense of continuing the Taika reforms. • At the Heian court, members of the imperial household and the leading aristocratic families lived in a complex of palaces and gardens.

9. A housing complex

10. Housing complexes were mostly made of unpainted wood with sliding panels, matted floors, and wooden walkways running between the separate residences where the many dignitaries lived. • Fish ponds, artificial lakes with waterfalls, and fine gardens were scattered among the courtiers’ living quarters.

11. Writing poetry was the most valued art at the court. • Some were painted on little fans or sent on a boat on the little streams that ran through the palace grounds • The poems were brief and full of allusions to Chinese and Japanese classical writing • The Tale of Gengiwas written by Lady Murasaki.

12. It was the first novel written in any language.

13. The Tale of Genji centers on the life and loves of a handsome son, HikaruGenji, born to an Emperor during the Heian Period. In the story, the beloved concubine of the Emperor gives birth to Genji and dies soon after. Raised within the Royal Family, Genji has his first illicit affair with Fujitsubo, the young wife of the Emperor. She gives birth to a boy who was raised by the unknowing Emperor as his own son. Although feeling guilt because of this affair Genji goes on to have numerous other affairs with other court ladies including Utsusemi, Yugao, Murasaki-no-ue, and Hanachirusato. At one point, Genji's adultery with a lady of the opposite faction results in his being exiled for a period to Suma After a short time, he returns to the capital, where he rises further in status and position being appointed to high official ranking reaching the apogee of his career. However, his newly wed young bride, Onna-Sannomiya, has an illicit affair that results in a child, Kaoru, reminding Genji of his own similar past actions. Then Murasaki-no-ue, Genji's real love and wife, in fact, if not in law, of more than twenty years, passes away. Left in deep despondence Genji decides to leave the capital to enter a small mountain temple. The Tale of Genji continues, although without the hero Genji. In his place are Kaoru, his grandson, and Niou-no-miya, Kaoru's friend. These two youths carry on the Genji tradition with the princesses in the palace at Uji. The story centers on the young lady, Ukibune, whose heart and mind is set a flutter by the courtship of these two young men. http://www.iz2.or.jp/english/what/index.htm

14. The Decline of Imperial Power • By the mid-9th century, the Fujuwara family exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs. • By the middle of the 10th century, one aged Fujiwara chief minister had seen four of his daughters married to emperors.

15. Within the mini-states ruled from the forts, the warrior leaders, or bushi, administered law, supervised public work projects, and collected revenue– mainly for themselves, not the court. • A samurai is a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy.

16. Samurai

17. Buddhist monasteries employed armed toughs to protect them and attack rival sects. • The court and high officials hired provincial lords and their samurai retainers to serve as bodyguard and to protect their palaces and mansions for robbery or arson.

18. A warrior code developed that stressed family honor and death rather than retreat or defeat. • Beaten or disgraced warriors turned to ritual suicide to prove their courage and restore their family’s honor. This practice was called seppuku, or disembowelment.

19. The Era of Warrior Dominance • As the power of provincial lords grew, that of the imperial household and court aristocracy declined because the were dependent on the lords for protection. • Two powerful feuding families were the Taira and the Minamoto.

20. For five years, the Gampei Wars raged in the heartland of the main island Honshu. • Often the Samurai would massacre poorly trained peasants. • The Minamoto established the bafuku, or military government. • The Minamoto capital was located at Kamakura in their base area on the Kanto plane.

21. Yoritomo (Minamoto no Yoritomo) the leader of Minamoto weakened the Kamakura regime because of his obsessive fear of being overthrown by his family

22. Yoritomo murdered close relatives, including his brother Yoshitsune, who had much to do with the Minamoto triumph over the Tiara. • After his death, the Hojo family soon took over the Kamakura regime.

23. In the early 14th century, one of the branches of the Minamoto family, Ashikaga Takuaji, led a revolt of the bushi that overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate (1336-1573) in its place. • Japan was divided into 300 little kingdoms, whose warlord rulers were called daimyos rather than bushi.

24. Toward Barbarianism? • Military Division & Social Change • Famine struck the nation hard while daimyos were well fed. • Some daimyos began to collect taxes, support irrigation projects and other community work.

25. Artistic Solace for a Troubled Age • Zen Buddhism played a critical role in securing the place of the arts in the era of strife and destruction.

26. Korea: Between China & Japan

27. Because the Korean peninsula is an extension of the Chinese mainland and the smallness of the continent, it was treated as little more than an appendage of China • The Koreans descended from the hunting and herding peoples of eastern Siberian and Manchuria rather than the Mongolian- and Turkic-speaking tribes to the West.

28. Choson- The earliest Korean kingdom that was conquered by the Hans emperor Wudi. Thereafter, parts of Korea were colonized by Chinese settlers that remained there for four centuries. A small Japanese enclave in the southeast of the peninsula provided contact with the islands as well.

29. Koguryo- Tribal people of the peninsula soon resisted the Chinese rule, despite conquest and colonization under the Han. As Chinese control weakened, the Koguryo established and independent state in the north half of the peninsula that was soon at war with two southern rivals, Silla and Paekche.

30. Sinification- The extensive adoption of Chinese culture in Korea. • Korean rulers patronized Buddhist artists and financed the building of monasteries and pagodas. Korean scholars traveled to China, and a select few went to the source of the Buddhist faith, India.

31. Chinese writing was introduced- Though the spoken Korean language was ill suited for adaptation to the Chinese characters as the Japanese language had been. The Koguryo monarch imposed a unified law code patterned after that of Han China.

32. Tang Alliances and the Conquest of Korea • Korea was left vulnerable to further attacks from the outside. • Unsuccessful campaigns of the Sui, included Korea in the territories they staked out for their empire.

33. Tangstrategies hit on the idea of taking advantage of Koran divisions to bring that troublesome region into line. They stuck and alliance with Silla and together destroyed the Paekche Kingdom and then Koguryo. This lead the Chinese conquerors to began to quarrel with their Silla allies on how to divide up their spoils.

34. Revolts broke out in the former Paekche and Koguryo territories already conquered. • Tang decided it was time to strike a deal. • A deal was made for regular tribute payments and the Silla monarch’s submission as a vassal of the Tang emperor. • The Chinese withdrew their armies in 668.

35. Sinification: The Tributary Link • Under The Silla monarchs, Chinese influences peaked and Korean culture achieved its first full flowering. • The Koreans’ regular attendance on the Chinese emperors was a key sign of their tribute system.

36. Most Chinese emperors were happy to receive there embassies. • Tributes in the form of splendid gifts and acknowledged the superiority of the Son of Heaven by their kowtow to him. • The tributary system provided privileged access to Chinese learning, art, and manufactured goods.

37. Kow-towing – series of ritual bows in which the supplicant prostrated himself before the throne

38. The Sinification of Korean Elite Culture • Silla rulers rebuilt their capital at Kumson on the Kyongia plain to look like its Tang counterpart. • There were central markets, parks, lakes, and a separate district to house the imperial family. • Aristocratic families surrounded their mansions into the area around the imperial palace.

39. Some aristocrats studied in Chinese schools, and a few even submitted to the rigors of the Confucian examination system. • Most positions in the government continued to be occupied by members of the aristocratic families • Birth order and family connections played took priority rather than knowledge of the Confucian classics.

40. The Korean Elite Favored Buddhism Lavishly endowed Monasteries Patronized works of religious art

41. Koreans often outdid their Chinese teachers • Manufacturing Porcelain • Created art that were admired and collected by the Chinese • Improved the art of Printing

42. Civilization for the Few With the exception of Buddhist sects such as the pure land, had strong appeal for the ordinary people, imports from China in the later eras were all most monopolized by the tiny elite. Scrolls Fancy clothing ARTWORK Special Teas

43. Koryo Collapse, Dynastic Renewal • Common people and the low born found their lot too much to bear and rose up against the ruling class. • Most uprisings were local affairs. • Collectively they weakened both the Silla and Koryo regimes. • Close to a century and a half, conflict triggered by the Mongol invaation in 1231, the Yi dynasty was established in 1392.

44. Between China and Southeast Asia:The Making of Vietnam • Chinese movement south brought them to the fertile, rice growing region of the Red River vally. • Viets first appeared in recorded history as a group or “southern barbarians”. • They did not suffer the same fate as others due to their homeland being far from the main Chinese centers.

45. The Quin raided Vietnam in the 220s B.C.E., stimulating an already existing commerce. • The Viets has already formed their own distinct culture. • Viets traded ivory, tortoise shells, pearls, peacock feathers, aromatic woods, and other exotic products drawn from the sea and tropical forests.

46. In centuries that followed, the Viets intermarried and blended with the Mon-Khmer- and Tai-speaking peoples who occupied the Red River area. • This was a crucial step in the formation of the Vientmese as a distinct ethnic group. Khmers – today's Cambodians

47. Viet culture had many features characteristic of southeast Asia. Spoken language was not related to Chinese Enjoyed a strong tradition of village autonomy Favored the nuclear family Viet women have historically greater freedom and influence

48. Vietnamese custom and culture also differed very significantly from Chinese. • Chinese • Black pants • Did not enjoy • Found disgusting • Considered repulsive Vietnamese Women preferred long skirts Enjoyed cockfighting Chewed betel nut Blackened their teeth

49. Conquest and Sinification • The Han emperor initially settled for the Viet ruler’s admission of his vassal status and periodic payments of tribute. But by 111 B.C.E., the Han thought it best to conquer the feisty Viets outright and to govern them directly using Chinese officials.

50. Chinese administrators set to work co-opting the local lords and encouraging them to adopt Chinese culture. • Viet elite cooperated realizing that they had a lot to learn from the Chinese. • They attended Chinese-style schools, learned to write Chinese script, read the classical Chinese tests of Confucius and Mencius, then took exams to qualify them for administrative posts.