Integrating Local and Global Food Systems

1. Integrating Local and Global Food Systems Michael W. Hamm C.S. Mott Professor of Sustainable Agriculture Depts. of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies; Crop and Soil Science; Food Science and Human Nutrition Michigan State University

2. 336 Billion Pounds

3. Population 2000 - 2025 9.9 to 10.4 million 6.3 – 7.8 billion 280 – 337 million

4. 2000 - 2050 48 countries water scarce or stressed (2025) 54 countries water scarce or stressed (2050)

5. Community/Local in a Global/Concentrated Context Community- a unified body of individuals; the people with common interests living in a particular area; an interacting population of various kinds of individuals in a common location;

6. Community Food Systems – Civic Agriculture • Relationships between people in the food system based on a sense of place • Includes market relationships but not exclusively • A tool for “grounding people in common purpose”

7. Community Food Systems– The Foodshed • Four characteristics • A moral economy – restore mutuality, reciprocity and equity as a frame for human interactions • The commensal community – respect for our relationships with one another and ecosystems that support us • Self-protection, secession, and succession – carve out insulated spaces, create alternatives, move from existing • Proximity – not explicitly define “local” but characterize as more local rather than less From: Kloppenburg, Hendrickson and Stevenson, “Coming in to the Foodshed” AGHV 13:3, p. 33-42 (1996)

8. Community Food Systems - Local Autonomy and Import Substitution IMPORT SUBSTITUTION Equity and Democracy Fair Labor Trade Environmental Stewardship

9. Community Food Systems - Community Food Security All community residents obtaining a culturally acceptable, nutritional adequate diet through a sustainable food system that maximizes community self-reliance and social justice. Hamm & Bellows (2002)

10. Farms Are Part of Communities • Farms • Farming • Farmers • Farmland

11. The Challenge of Global - Environmental What is a 2,000 mile tomato in the Upper Midwest? • A source of CO2 release • A source of lessened nutrition • A source of trans-oceanic water transfer

12. The Challenge of Global -Concentration • e.g. of concentration in the food industry (Concentration % of biggest 4) (from Heffernan, Gronski, and Hendrickson) • Beef Packers = 79% • Flour Milling = 62% • Dry Corn Milling = 57% • Soybean Crushing = 80% • e.g. approx. 30,000 items on grocery shelves – 50% produced by 10 multinationals

13. The Challenge of Global - Hunger • Projected by some to go from 774 to 694 million (2000 – 2010) • But increase in disparity • Recent global economic slowdown increasing hunger globally and so may not realize even the decreases above • Potential for increased conflict over food?

14. American Farmland Trust http://www.farmland.org/farmingontheedge/downloads.htm

15. North Central Region Change in Number of Mid-Scale Farms (1997-2002)

16. Michigan has the land capacity for: • Building/rebuilding rural communities around vibrant • community-based food systems • Export agriculture • Non-food uses of agricultural land (e.g. turf, horses)

17. Today’s Niche – Tomorrow’s Lost Market 1966 Exported 63,000 tons of tomatoes 1996 exported 2,000 tons of tomatoes Adapted from “Exploring the Tomato”

18. Consumer Attitudes • 71% willing to pay more for food grown locally • 71% willing to pay more for food if meant it could be produced in ways that protected the environment • 77% thought government policies should be oriented towards helping family, owner-operated farms • 59% thought that family farms should be supported even if it meant higher food prices Food from Our Changing World: The Globalization of Food and How Americans Feel About It  by Ronald C. Wimberley,et al (accessed at http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/global-food/foodglobal.html

19. Attracting Consumers With Locally Grown ProductsFood Processing Center, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska- Lincoln (2001) (Phone survey of 500 consumers in Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin

20. Why Community-based and Local? • Economics • Public Health • Environmental restoration

21. Jobs in Rural Communities *1992 Management Information Records John E. Ikerd, The Economic Impacts of Increased Contract Swine Production in Missouri (accessed at http://www.ssu.missouri.edu/faculty/jikerd/papers/con-hog.htm)

22. Purchasing Power Creates Opportunities

23. And on average imported have higher levels of pesticide residues than domestic in a • particular product category* Taken from http://www.fas.usda.gov/scriptsw/bico/bico.asp?Entry=lout&doc=1270 * C. Benbrook “ Minimizing Pesticide Dietary Exposure Through the Consumption of Organic Food: An Organic Center State of Science Review” (2004)

24. Sprawl and Obesity Most sprawled vs. Least Sprawled Metropolitan Areas 6.3 pounds differential of body weight Ewing, R., Schmid, T., Killingsworth, R., Zlot, A., Raudenbush, S. (2003) Relationship Between Urban Sprawl and Physical Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity. Am. J. Health Promotion Vol. 18 47-57.

25. Opportunity – Rural Urban Mutual Development FOOD FROM FARM TO URBAN CONSUMER Rural Farming Communities Create relationships based on mutual trust, benefit, and respect Rural Development & Health Urban Communities Urban Development & Health

27. Select Michigan

28. Community-based as a Vehicle for Rethinking the Global/National - Fair Trade Taken from Fair Trade Federation http://www.fairtradefederation.com/2003_trends_report.pdf

29. Scale of Farm and Marketing Strategies • Smaller Scale- Direct Marketing Primarily • Medium Scale- Potentially mixture of direct marketing and wholesale/institutional/processing • Larger Scale- Primarily wholesale/institutional/processing

30. There are Numerous Strategies to Increase Economic and Social Vitality While Improving Individual Health Indicators Direct to consumers • Farmers Markets • Farmstands • Community Supported Agriculture Farms Indirectly to consumers • Institutional Buying • Restaurant Connections • Supermarket and grocery stores • Farm to School Either • Urban Farms • Value-added Processing

31. END THE “…You can’t predict the future, but you can create it...With this principle, we can make the future’s inherent unpredictability become a positive, not a negative. We just have to create the future from the future instead of predicting it from the present.” Paul Dolan True to Our Roots