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Ottomans & Arabs Chapter 26

Ottomans & Arabs Chapter 26. Ottoman: factors of decline. Competition b/w elites Weak rulers Increasingly powerful Janissary corps Increased competition from European merchants Military challenges from the West Ottomans vs Russia (result: loss of Serbia, Greece and most of balkans ).

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Ottomans & Arabs Chapter 26

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  1. Ottomans & ArabsChapter 26

  2. Ottoman: factors of decline • Competition b/w elites • Weak rulers • Increasingly powerful Janissary corps • Increased competition from European merchants • Military challenges from the West • Ottomans vs Russia (result: loss of Serbia, Greece and most of balkans)

  3. Survival • Played European rivals against each other • Selim III: reformed bureaucracy, new army & navy. Killed by Janissaries in 1807 • Mahmud II: slaughtered Janissaries, families and religious allies, reforms based on Western influence (angered conservative religious leaders) • Tanzimat Reforms: 1839- 1876: series of Western influenced reforms in education, government, newspapers, constitution. Introduction of Railroad & telegraph systems effect: communication increased, minority groups increased power • Consequences: artisans negatively effected (thank you, Britain), women’s status remained stagnant

  4. Backlash to reforms • Conflict b/w old and new orders • Abdul Hamid: attempted return to despotic governing..nullified constitution, removed Westerners in power, continued SOME Western practices • Coup 1908: Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (Young Turks) fought for return to 1876 constitution, Sultan remained as figurehead • War in N. Africa: Ottomans lost Libya • Young Turks vs Arabs • WWI: Turkey sided with Germany…..

  5. Arab Heartlands • Fertile Crescent, Egypt, North Africa • Identified with Ottoman rulers as Muslims, disliked Ottoman rule • Fear of Western rule

  6. Muhammad Ali, Westernizing Egypt • Napoleon invades Egypt: (1798) example of Western military power, eventually defeated by the British • Western reforms introduced(military, agriculture) little accomplished in the long-term • Khedives: Muhammad’s descendents, ruled Egypt until 1952

  7. Issues and European Help • Cotton: solely dependent on export • Misuse of money by the elite • Indebted to European powers • Suez Canal: introduces power struggle b/w European powers and Egypt (France and Britain) • Conservative Muslims resented Western presence • Liberal Muslims borrowed from West • Skirmish b/w Britain and Khedival army results in British domination (Egypt is NOT colonized)

  8. Egypt in Sudan • Sudan exploited, forced to reform slave trade • Jihad called against Egyptian rulers and Britain • Sudan successful in maintaining independence until 1896 • Western tech vs Eastern tech

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