Movement of Solid Waste Management to the Future

1. Movement of Solid Waste Management to the Future Kunitoshi Sakurai President Okinawa University

2. 21st century is a century of environment. More correctly, it is a century of environmental crisis.

3. 4 Key-words for the Century of Environment • Conversion of one-way consumer society into 3R circulating society. • Co-existence with other living creatures. • Participation of all parties (governments, industries, civil society) in the endeavor. • International cooperation for the establishment of sustainable society. (from “Basic Law of Environment”, Japan)

4. Guiding Principles and Approaches of the Regional SWM Strategy • Active involvement of all stakeholders through a comprehensive consultative and participatory approach • Personal and corporate responsibility including the user/polluter pay approach, the extended producer responsibility principle and other economic incentives • Waste segregation and minimisation both at source and during SWM with the ultimate goal of moving to a zero waste system • Integrated communications • Holistic and precautionary approach, mindful of future demographic trends and technological advances.

5. 1. Hierarchy of SWM 1st Priority 2nd Priority 3rd Priority Practice of 3R is needed in SWM.

6. Definitions of 3R • Reduce: reduction of waste at the source by for example, the purchase and use of bulk goods rather than those with a high packaging content; • Reuse: repeated use of a product in the same, similar or different ways, for example the reuse of glass drink bottles and used tyres; • Recover: refers to the use of waste materials so as to recover some residual value, for example the use of waste oil as a supplementary fuel, and composting of green waste • Recycle: this is done with materials such as aluminium cans, lead from wet-cell batteries, cupboards and paper and glass, which can be reprocessed, back to their original form;

7. Possible 3R in PIF Countries • Home composting: • Applicable in many PIF countries. • Useful to keep sanitary living environment even under reduced frequency collection service. • Useful to prolong the life of landfill. • Deposit-refund: • Deposit-refund is widely practiced in PIF countries for the reuse of beer bottles. • Aluminum can recycling: • Because of the remoteness of recycling market, financial feasibility of recycling is limited to few items such as aluminum cans.

8. 2. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) • Producer is responsible for the avoidance and reduction of negative environmental impact to be caused by waste product. • Eco-design of products. • Establishment and cost sharing of recycling systems. (packages, electric appliances, personal computers, automobiles) • PIF countries are strongly recommended to negotiate as a group with industrialized countries so that producers, such as car manufacturers, would contribute to the establishment of recycling systems.

9. Application of EPR principle should be seriously considered to solve abandoned vehicle problems in PIF countries. Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan

10. 3. More Use of Economic Tools • Create incentives for consumers to minimise their purchases of waste generating products, while creating incentives to reuse and recycle and minimise the amount of waste they send for disposal (landfill, incineration etc.); • Create incentives for producers and importers to take more responsibility in the production and importation of goods so that they minimize the amount of waste they generate and import, and more actively manage and recycle waste generated.

11. Examples of economic tools • Deposit-refund system: • Tariffs on the import of containers for soft drinks and used lead acid batteries (Kiribati): • The revenue raised is intended to financially maintain recycling systems while at the same time acting as a deterrent or disincentive for the demand of plastic packaging. • Prepaid recycling fee: • Electric appliances, personal computers, automobiles (Japan)

12. Piggy-backing of User Fee on Electricity Bill • Because of increasing service demand, government subsidies and foreign aids are not enough for PIF countries to cover its SWM service cost. • Efficient and equitable user fee collection is essential for the sustainable SWM service delivery. • Many countries piggy-back user fee on electricity bill or water bill.

13. Relationship between Waste Generation and Income(Study done by Javier Orccosupa Rivera, University of Chile, 2002) PPC:per-capita waste generation, kg/capita/day IBC:per-capita income, US$/capita/month

14. Relationship between Waste Generation and Electricity Consumption(Study done by Javier Orccosupa Rivera, University of Chile, 2002) PPC:per-capita waste generation, kg/capita/day CEE:per-capita electricity consumption, kwh/capita/month

15. If we apply flat user fee, it is not fair because poor people subsidize rich people. Cross-subsidy Per-capita Waste Generation flat user fee medium-rich rich medium Medium poor poor (socioecomic strata)

16. 5. Environmental Education • Cleansing is good, but no littering is better. • Awareness raising through formal and informal education is essential for the establishment and strengthening of partnership between government and civil society. • Environmental education, including sound SWM practice, should be included in school curriculum. • Didactic materials should be prepared by each country so that future generation would acquire enough knowledge of the natural wealth of their countries and would be proud of it.

17. Educational material should be compatible with local socio-cultural conditions. Didactic Material Developed by JICA for Malaysia

18. 6. International and Regional Cooperation Coordinated by SPREP Structure of Regional Strategy 2005.9 Region SPREP Each country and territory 2006.1 　　～ 2010.9 Ex-participants of JICA training courses Local Governments 2015.9