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Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy. Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War. Reasons for tension? Second-front delay Soviet desire to protect Western border Insistence by Western allies on free elections Soviet military position at Yalta Atomic bomb. Methods by which CW fought. Threats Arms race Espionage

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Foreign Policy

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  1. Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush

  2. Cold War • Reasons for tension? • Second-front delay • Soviet desire to protect Western border • Insistence by Western allies on free elections • Soviet military position at Yalta • Atomic bomb

  3. Methods by which CW fought • Threats • Arms race • Espionage • Economic and military aid • Limited wars • Peacetime alliances

  4. U.S. Policy to handle perceived Soviet threat? • Containment: Truman • Truman Doctrine • Marshall Plan • NATO • Significance of Election of 1948? • Crises • Berlin June 1948-May 1949 • National Security Act 1947: Dep. Of Defense, CIA, NSC-68

  5. China • Containment less effective in far East • Chiang K-ai-shek v. Mao Tse-Tung • October 1949—Formosa/Taiwan • Korea • June 25, 1950: Syngman Rhee, Kim Il-Sung, UN Security Council, Macarthur, Pusan, Inchon, Yalu, 38th Parallel/DMZ

  6. Eisenhower • “Brinkmanship” • End cold war or at least relax tensions abroad, but not at home! • Hydrogen bomb 1952 • Advisor Dulles and “Massive retaliation” • Crises • Korea • Covert Operations: Guatemalan Guzman overthrown by CIA in 1954 (Operation PBSUCCESS), Overthrow of anti-Western Mossadeq and replacement of Iran Shah 1953 (Operation Ajax)

  7. Shah Palahvi and his wife, John Foster Dulles, and Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

  8. Eisenhower, cont’d • French Indochina: Dien Bien Phu falls, 1954, Geneva Conference 17th parallel, Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong, Ho Chi Minh • Hungarian Revolution 1956 • Middle East • Suez Canal, Aswan Dam, role of USSR/Britain/France, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Eisenhower Doctrine

  9. Fall of Dien Bien Phu, 1954

  10. New Hope: Peaceful Coexistence • Soviet Leader: Khrushchev, attempts at arms control, Sputnik • Khrushchev’s visit • U2 Incident

  11. Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. will use force ANYWHERE in the Middle East against “aggression from any country controlled by international communism.” (Really just reiterated CONTAINMENT POLICY.)

  12. Kennedy: Flexible Response • Tactics: ICBMs, conventional weapons, special forces: $6 Billion jump in spending • OAS, Alliance for Progress, Peace Corps • Crises • Berlin August 1961 • Bay of Pigs April 1961 • Missile Crisis October 1962: arms race escalation • Vietnam

  13. Berlin, August 1961

  14. Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961

  15. Cuban Missile Crisis: October 1962

  16. Johnson • Upheld previous policies • Crises • Canal Zone rioting 1965 • Dominican Republic 20,000 Marines sent • Vietnam • Six Day War

  17. Operation Babylift: April 1975 Plane crash The first military evacuation flight, a C-5A Galaxy cargo plane loaded with over 300 crew, children and adult escorts, experienced an "explosive rapid decompression" about 40 miles (64 km) outside Saigon when the rear ramp and pressure door blew out through the rear of the aircraft (due to a lock failure) and was forced to return to Tan Son Nhut with no flight controls to the tail, and only limited roll control. The plane could not reach the airport; but instead crash-landed, at about 270 knots (500 km/h), two miles (3 km) away into a field of flooded rice paddies, killing 138 people, including 127 of the orphans. However, over half of the passengers survived the crash. Most of the infants and adults in the upper deck areas survived. Those in the lower decks, including most of the adult "chaperones", "non-essential" members of the Defence Attache's Office (mainly administrative staff), did not. News of the plane crash brought widespread attention and sympathy toward the operation and the evacuees in the U.S. and other nations.

  18. Nixon: Detente • Abandoning Cold War as an ideological struggle, view it as traditional great power rivalry which can be managed/controlled • Use trade/technology to induce cooperation

  19. Nixon Policy Implementation • China Card 1971 • SALT I (ABMs, ICBMs freeze) • Vietnam Truce 1973 • Yom Kippur War Oct 1973 • US tried to take more neutral stance • Uneasy truce • OPEC action

  20. Yom Kippur War

  21. Ford • Fallout of Vietnam • War Powers Act: President must consult with Congress before troops sent • Saigon’s fall April 30, 1975, U.S.S. Mayaguez incident, Khmer Rouge (Cambodia) and Pol Pot • Helsinki Accords: pledging support for HUMAN RIGHTS (U.S.S.R. signs, but later says in private, “it’s just a piece of paper…”)

  22. Carter: Troubled Policy • Maintain détente • Human rights policy • Boat people • Cuban refugees • Soviet dissidents • Latin America • Gradual Panamanian responsibility for operation of Canal • Nicaragua: 1979 Somoza, Sandinistas: some economic aid • El Salvador: military assistance

  23. Carter and Middle East • Camp David Accords 1978: Anwar Sadat, Menachim Begin, Gradual return of Sinai, No role for PLO • Iranian Revolution 1979: 1978 Reza Shah Pahlavi, Ayatollah Khomeini, Oct 1979 Shah to US, Nov. 4, 1979 Embassy seized, failed rescue, helped Reagan!

  24. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan • USSR’s “Vietnam” • Banned technology sales, resumed draft registration, boycotted 1980 Olympics, Withdrawal of SALT II • Mujahadeen/Osama bin Laden? CIA

  25. Reagan: “Evil Empire” • Terrorism, Lebanon, Nicaragua, Grenada, 1982 Israel withdraws from Sinai but no Jewish settlements in West Bank • Latin America: cut aid to Sandinistas, asked Congress for money to help Contras but Congress refused: Covert CIA • Boland Amendment: no U.S. agency could spend money in Latin America • El Salvador: death squads

  26. Reagan’s pressure • Defense Build-up: $300B • B1 Bomber, MX missile, New missiles in NATO nations, SDI (“Star Wars”) Gorbechev 1985 • Perestroika, glasnost, freedoms in E. Europe • Pressure on USSR: Star Wars, Berlin • Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988: U.S. works with Saddam Hussein

  27. Iran-Contra affair • 6 American hostages in Lebanon held by Iranians • 1985: Trade military supplies for hostages: sell weapons and divert money to Contras secretly • Oliver North takes fall

  28. George H.W. Bush • Tiananmen Square • Lech Walesa • Berlin Wall • Boris Yeltsin and fall of U.S.S.R., 10 member CIS • START • Panama December 1989

  29. Operation Desert Storm • August 2, 1990 invasion of Kuwait • Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, Colin Powell • Hussein punishes Shi’ites in south, Kurds in North • Why didn’t we get rid of Saddam in 1990?

  30. Foreign Policy of the Clinton Administration • Attempts at Peace in the Middle East • Oslo Accords, 1993, Rabin and Arafat • Camp David, 2000, Barak and Arafat • Bosnia and Kosovo • Operations in Mogadishu, Somalia, October 1993 • Failure to act in Rwanda, 1994, Clinton’s “biggest regret as President”

  31. Terrorism on the Rise • Failed NYC World Trade Center attacks, 1993 • Bombing of the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 1998 • Bombing of the U.S.S. Cole in Aden, Yemen, October 2000 • al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden

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