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Medieval Europe

Medieval Europe. World History. Aftermath of the Roman Empire. Germanic successor states: Spain: Visigoths (West Goths) Italy: Ostrogoths , then Lombards Gaul: Celtic Franks Britain: Angles, Saxons

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Medieval Europe

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  1. Medieval Europe World History

  2. Aftermath of the Roman Empire • Germanic successor states: • Spain: Visigoths (West Goths) • Italy: Ostrogoths, then Lombards • Gaul: Celtic Franks • Britain: Angles, Saxons • Roman administrative apparatus still in place (continuity), but cities lose population (change), pagan invaders convert to Christianity

  3. Successor States to the Roman Empire c. 500

  4. Carolingians - Germanic Frankish dynasty • Clovis ––led Germanic Franks 481-511 • Becomes Roman Christian w/ wife Clotilde’s influence –Roman Christians like him • Takes over fr. Romans in Gaul, transforms Franks into powerful state • Charlemagne, ruled 768-814 –conqueror, illiterate who advocated education, culture • Enlarged empire and spread Christianity militarily – saved pope from the Lombards

  5. Charlemagne’s Administration • Capital at Aachen– traveled empire constantly – couldn’t afford bureaucracy • Pope Leo III crowns him “Holy Roman Emperor” in 800 – but title dies w/ him • Charlemagne concerned that crown a challenge to Byzantine Emperor’s authority (E. Roman Empire)

  6. Leo Crowns Charlemagne

  7. HRE = Holy Roman Empire • NOT the same as the Roman Empire 500 BCE – 500 CE, centered in Rome (Italy) • NEW – makes a comeback w/ Otto the German • 962 - 1806 ; ended by Napoleon • Includes Germany, Austria, parts of Italy, Spain • Voltaire: “Neither Holy, nor Roman, nor Empire”

  8. End of the Carolingian Empire Charlemagne’s grandsons split it into 3 parts 

  9. 9th – 10th c. The “Second Wave” of Barbarian Invasions from North: Vikings from East: Maygars from South: Muslims leads to localized rule – feudal system

  10. 1.Viking invaders (Norsemen fr. Norway, Denmark, Sweden) • 800 CE –to Spain, Black Sea, across Atlantic • Shallow boats travel both river and sea- head down Volga to Russian cities, down Thames to London • lightning raiders – attacked London, Paris, Constantinople - Carolingians fall w/out navy

  11. 2. Magyar invasions - 10th c. • Magyars = ethnic Hungarians • Otto of Saxony (r. 936-973) defeats Magyars in 955, emerges as ruler • Proclaimed emperor by Pope in 962 • Beg. Of Holy Roman Empire (really Germany)

  12. 3. Muslims control Iberian peninsula, 8th-12th centuries • Ummayads invade in 8th c. (Tariq the Berber), take most of Iberia, “stopped” by Carolingians at Battle of Tours, 732 C.E. • 12th-14 c. - Gradual Christian conquest of Muslim territories in Spain • 1492 Siege of Granada - Reconquista by Ferdinand and Isabella – exiled Jews, Muslims

  13. Feudalism – social and political units • Feudalism – contractual relationship, little loyalty beyond local lord • Lords give fiefs (land) to vassals (knights) who pledge military allegiance in return - private armies • Manorialism – knights are lords of the manor; serfs (not QUITE slaves) bound to land, owe labor, agricultural payments - in exchange for small plots of land

  14. Religion: Spread of Christianity • Charlemagne fights pagan Saxons • Saxons later adopt Christianity • pockets of paganism until c. 1000 CE • 7th c. Pope “Gregory the Great” (Gregory I) • Declared self ruler of the Church • Theologian –created sacrament of penance • Sent missionaries to convert pagan English

  15. Christian Monasticism • Egyptian origins (Coptic) • St. Benedict (480-547) • His Rule for monasteries relatively lenient: Poverty, Chastity, Obedience, wake up lazy monks, ok to drink wine but not in excess • St. Scholastica (482-543) - Sister of St. Benedict - Adapts Benedictine Rule for convents

  16. Economic and social effects of European Monasticism • Monasteries accumulate large landholdings, serfs, tax exemptions in exchange for salvation • Social welfare projects: orphanages, hospitals • Monastic schools expand literacy

  17. Emerging monarchies and papal power • Hugh Capet – elected French king - starts w/ small area around Paris but absorbed feudal inheritances to gain territory and power. • William the Conqueror – Norman – Duke of Normandy; descended from Vikings -> Conquers England in 1066 – Normans destroy Anglo-Saxon monarchy and impose tightly-controlled reign – Domesday Book survey of all property • Frederick Barbarossa – HRE in 12th century who wanted Lombardy– threatened Pope but failed –shows pope’s power • Pope was effectively a monarch – direct rule of Papal States but also ruled the Church, a powerful, unifying institution in Europe

  18. “High” Middle Ages– 1000-1500lay Investiture controversy • investiture = appointing bishops and other church officials - pope supposed to do this, not “lay”people like kings. • Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) :“No more lay investiture” • HRE Henry IV protested and got into big trouble, having eventually to beg for pope’s mercy, “kneeling in the snow.” • Result: Church 1, King 0

  19. Religious philosophy in Medieval Christian Europe • Aristotle major influence • Byzantine Greek texts translated into Latin • Jewish and Muslim scholars provide translations from Arabic • St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) major proponent of Scholasticism • Synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle; reconcile faith and reason but don’t question Church

  20. Popular Religion and Religious Movements • The Seven Sacraments gain popularity – esp. Eucharist (communion) • Personal devotion • Heavenly intercession, pilgrimages, veneration of relics – cult of The Virgin Mary • Monastic rebellion against perceived materialism of Roman Catholic Church • Dominic (1170-1221) and St. Francis (1182-1226) create orders of mendicants (beggars) • Vow of poverty

  21. Social codes of conduct • Chivalry • Code of conduct • Church-sponsored due to rowdy knights • knights supposed to promote Christianity, protect women • Romantic love • Troubadours sing about new idea • Nobility liked this – such as Eleanor of Aquitaine, mother of Fr. King.

  22. Beginning of the Crusades • Pope Urban II calls for liberation of Jerusalem from Muslim control, 1095 • Salvation promised for casualties • Rapid, enthusiastic response • First Crusade (1096-99) (Song of Roland c. 1100) • Captures Jerusalem, largely due to poor Muslim organization • Salah al-Din (Saladin) recaptures Jerusalem in 1187

  23. Song of Roland c. 1100 (beg. of Crusades)– all about chivalry, loosely based on Charles Martel (Charlemagne’s grandpa) Battle of Tours in 732 CE , “good” Christians vs. “bad” Muslims

  24. Crusading Orders • Religious Christians form military-religious orders • Templars, Teutonic Knights • Religious vows of opposition to Islam, paganism • Re-conquering Sicily and Spain from “infidels”– simultaneous cross-cultural fertilization

  25. ThCrusade Routes

  26. Crusades and their Consequences • Five crusades by mid-13th century, only the First Crusade is successful • Fourth Crusade destroys Constantinople, 1202-1204 • Benefit for European Crusaders: Crusades provide direct contact with Muslim ideologies, trade • Aristotle, “Arabic” numerals, paper production

  27. Crusades Debate • Did the Crusades have a positive or negative impact on history? • Consider: purpose, methods, results (both short-term and long-term) in the areas of politics, economies, religion, social structure, the arts, intellectual developments.

  28. Extra info. (not required for 1stsem final but helpful in understanding context of Crusades):

  29. The medieval expansion of Europe, 1000-1250 C.E.

  30. European economic growth thanks to agricultural improvements (“revolution”) • Increasing development of arable (farmable) lands • Clearing of swamps, forests • Improved agricultural techniques • Crop rotation • Horseshoes • Heavier plow (yay!) • Harness for horses/oxen instead of strangling them w/ rope

  31. 11th/12th Century Revival of Towns • increase in food supply, excess serfs go to towns • labor specialization – textile industry • Hanseatic League – “free” city-states in Baltic/North Sea area of HRE and other places • Growth of Mediterranean Trade • Italian city-states build ships, connect to Islamic Empire

  32. City/town government • towns demand charters for self-government • Guilds • Organizations of merchants, workers, artisans • Hierarchy of masters, journeymen, apprentices • Price and quality control • Membership limited • At first women admitted, then restricted

  33. Schools and Universities • High middle ages (1000-1300 CE) increasing wealth makes education possible • Cathedral-based schools • Curriculum in Latin • Literature, philosophy, some law, medicine • Universities • Academic guilds formed in 12th century • Higher standards of education • Town vs. Gown controversy (continues today)

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