Subsequent events 133 Rome inherits Pergamon , kingdom of Attalus III

3. Subsequent events 133Rome inherits Pergamon, kingdom of Attalus III 133-121 Social unrest in Rome over land distribution 106-100 Rise of warlords: career of Marius & the populares 88-80 Rise of warlords: career of Sulla & the optimates(86: sack of Athens; installation of Ptolemy XI for a few days in 80; proscriptions) 70 Marcus Licinius Crassus and GnaeusPompeius “Magnus” consuls 60-53 First Triumvirate: Crassus, Pompey and Gaius Lucius Caesar: none controls Egypt 59-50 Caesar builds clientage in, and conquers, Gaul; Crassus killed at Carrhae vs. Parthians

5. Gaius IuliusCaesar: (100-44 BCE) imperator (military commander), parenspatriae (father of the fatherland), consul five times(59, 48, 46, 45, 44) and dictator perpetuus(44)

6. Caesar’s campaigns in Gaul, 58-52 BCE

7. Crossing the Rubicon: “the die is cast”aleaiactaest (Suetonius Caesar 33)ἀνερρίφθω κύβος (Plutarch Pompey 60)

8. Caesar’s magistracies, 49-44 BCE

10. Forum of Julius Caesar, Temple of Venus Genetrix, 46Statues of Venus, Caesar, and Cleopatra

11. Denarius of Caesar, 44 BCE Obverse: Julius Caesar laureate; CAESAR IMPER(ATOR)Reverse: Venus as Victrix(“victor”) with Victoria in her right hand Denarius of Brutus, 44 BCE Obverse: Marcus Junius Brutus; BRUT(US) IMP(ERATOR)Reverse: two daggers, pileus; EID(ES) MAR(TIS)

12. Death of Caesar,Vincenzo Cammucini (1798) Theater of Pompey (computer reconstruction) Meanwhile , in Hellenistic Egypt … 

13. Hellenistic Egypt

14. Features of Hellenistic Egypt • adorned or unadorned? • stable or unstable? • cosmopolitan or unsophisticated? • administratively sophisticated or simple? • rich or poor? • dynastic or haphazard approach to succession? • nomenclature of kings and queens consistent or inconsistent? • role of religion and religious figures? • whom did the Egyptians worship? The last of the Ptolemaic rulers … 

15. Cleopatra VII Philopator, 69-30 BCE

16. Cleopatra’s signature: ΓΕΝΕΣΘΩ(γενέσθω, “Make it so” or “So be it”) Letter to PubliusCanidius (ally of Mark Antony’s), outlining tax breaks granted to him, 33 BCE (Berlin, Egyptian Museum)

17. Cleopatra on stage: W. Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (c. 1607) Cleopatra on film: 1917, 1934, 1963, 1970, 1999(+ 1899, 1912, 1913, 1928)

18. Cleopatra in sculpture and painting(275 post-classical objects in ArtStor)

19. Sources for Cleopatra • Augustan age poets • Vergil Aeneid 8.677-730 • Horace Odes 1.37; Epodes 9.11-17 • Propertius Elegy3.11.29-32; 39-41; 47-49 • Plutarch: 2nd c. Greek biographer • Life of Julius Caesar • Life of Mark Antony • Dio Cassius: 2nd-3rd c. Greek historian • Roman History

20. The men in Cleopatra’s life Ptolemy XII Auletes Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavian (= Augustus) 117-51 BCE 100-44 BCE 83-30 BCE 63 BCE – 14 CE Pro-Roman, 80-58sociusRomanorum; in exile in Rome with Cleopatra, 58-55. Bribes AulusGabinius, who restores him to the throne in 55. Falls ill in 51, makes Cleopatra co-regent, dies and is succeeded by her and her brother, Ptolemy XIII

21. Alexander III of Macedon336/5-323/2 DYNASTIC ORIGINS Ptolemy I Soter323/2-283/2

22. Cleopatra VII, Macedonian ruler of Egypt, 11th generation after Ptolemy I Soter

23. Cleopatra VII Philopator: 69-30 BCE • biographical details (handout)

24. Roman Forum,Temple of Venus Genetrix in the Forum Iulium

25. Octavian Antony  Syria, Lycia,Phoenicia Armenia Media and Parthia  Cyprus, Egypt Libya, Cyrenaica

26. Images of Cleopatra Basalt statuette Berlin bust with diadem Cameo as Pharoah Vatican bust with as Pharoah diadem, based on statue, Temple of Venus Genetrix

27. Questions • Why was Cleopatra so unusual? • sacredness; partnership with men; education; rule over Egyptians; exchange of sex for power • What roles did these individuals play in the life of Cleopatra? • Livia Drusilla, wife of Tiberius Claudius Nero and then Octavian (38) • Octavia, wife of Gaius Claudius Marcellus and then Mark Antony (40-32) • Gaius Julius Caesar: flamen(priest), pontifexmaximus(chief priest), quaestor (finances), military tribune, praetor, consul five times, triumvir with Pompey and Crassus, dictator perpetuo, proclaimed divine in 42 • married to Cornelia, Pompeia, Calpurnia • Marcus Antonius: cavalry commander, quaestor, military tribune, magister equitum, consul, triumvir with Lepidus and Octavian • Gaius Octavius / Octavian / Augustus: adopted son of Caesar, triumvir, divifilius, consul 13 times (43, 33-23, 5, 2) • married to Scribonia and then Livia (38)

28. Questions for Wednesday, April 25, 2012 • What was the role of slaves in the imperial household of Livia, Augustus’ wife, and what roles did slaves fulfill in Roman life? How did female slaves contribute to Augustuan socio-economic life? How diverse was Augustan Rome? was it upwardly mobile? • What was life like in Alexandria during Cleopatra’s reign and who lived and worked there? Why does Kleiner title chapter five “Cleopatra Architecta? How did the temples of the Ptolemies articulate cultural identity in Egypt? How did Cleopatra manipulate Egyptian society to her advantage? How did she manipulate pictorial imagery to promote herself and Caesarion, her son with Caesar? • Why did Caesar place Cleopatra on the Egyptian throne and what was their relationship? Why did she ally with Julius Caesar? Why were they so compatible? • What impact did Egypt have on Caesar’s approach to autocracy in Rome? What impact did Cleopatra have on Rome as a result of her two visits to the city? How did Caesar translate his experiences in Alexandria and Egypt to his building program in Rome? What were his priorities in attempting to create an “Alexandria on the Tiber,” and why? • What kind of character of Cleopatra emerges from the Roman sources you read for today?

29. Questions for Friday, April 27, 2012 • What did Cleopatra represent to Rome by 41 BCE before meeting Mark Antony? In what ways did she further his ambitions in 41, in 37, and in 34-31 BCE, and what benefits did she draw from these acts? • What events in the relationships between Antony and Octavia, Antony and Cleopatra, and Antony and Octavian sealed the fates of all involved? • The historical and biographical sources portray the “inimitable life” of Antony and Cleopatra as decadent and self-indulgent. Even if the accounts are to some extent accurate, why would Roman writers seek to portray Antony and Cleopatra’s lifestyles in Alexandria, Athens and elsewhere in this way? • How did the poets of the Augustan era depict Cleopatra? Why did they characterize her in such a manner? • How should we assess the life and career of Cleopatra, and why? Why do we remain interested in her today?

30. Cleopatra: trend-setter of high and low fashion

31. Fulvia, wife, 46-40 BCE Octavian’s verse about Fulvia in the Perusine War, 41-40 BCE: “Because Antony fucks Glaphyra, Fulvia has arrangedthis punishment for me: that I fuck her too. That I fuck Fulvia? What if Manius begged me to bugger him? Would I? I don't think so, if I were sane 'Either fuck or let's fight,' she says. Doesn't she knowmy prick is dearer to me than life itself? Let the trumpets blare!”(Martial Epigrams 11.20) Antony’s Roman wives Octavia, wife, 40-36 BCE 39: bears AntoniaMaior 36: bears Antonia Minor 32: divorced from Antony 30: raises Antony’s children • Iullus Antonius (Fulvia) • Alexander Helios • Cleopatra Selene • PtolemyPhiladelphus

32. Roman Egyptomania Pyramid of Cestius, 18-12 BCE Circus Maximus with obelisk on spina10 BCE

33. Obelisk from the Circus MaximusTransported to Rome by Augustus 10 BCE(now in the Piazza del Popolo on the Via Flaminia)

34. “I added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people” (Augustus, Res Gestae 27.1) – 23 BCEObelisk of the gnomon of the horologium(now in the Piazza diMontecitorio) Imp(erator) Caesar divi f(ilius) Augustus pontifexmaximus imp(erator) XII, co(n)s(ul) XI, trib(unicia) pot(estate) XIV Aegypto in potestatem populi Romani redacta Soli donumdedit “Emperor Caesar Augustus son of the divine, chief priest, hailed imperator 12 times, consul 11 times, holding tribunician power for the 14th time once Egypt had been reduced to the power of the Roman people gave this as a gift to the Sun.”

35. Contemporary Egyptomania