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Ions In Solution

Ions In Solution. The pH scale. Hydrogen Ions make acidic solutions Hydroxide ions make basic/alkaline solutions. Bases are substances that can neutralise acids. They are usually metal oxides or metal hydroxides. Alkalis are soluble bases. Alkaline. Neutral. Acid. Neutralisation.

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Ions In Solution

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  1. Ions In Solution

  2. The pH scale • Hydrogen Ions make acidic solutions • Hydroxide ions make basic/alkaline solutions. • Bases are substances that can neutralise acids. They are usually metal oxides or metal hydroxides. • Alkalis are soluble bases Alkaline Neutral Acid

  3. Neutralisation H+ (aq) + OH-(aq) -> H2O (l) • The acid reacts with the alkali to form a salt and water which is a neutral solution. The hydrogen ions in the acid join with the hydroxide ions in the alkali to form a neutral water molecule. The gas in the acid reacts with the metal or ammonium in the alkali to form an ionic salt. • E.g. Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide -> sodium chloride +water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> NaCl(aq) + H20 (l)

  4. Reactions of Salts Acid + Metal -> a salt + hydrogen E.g. Sulphuric acid + potassium -> potassium sulphate + hydrogen This is a displacement reaction Acid + Base -> a salt + water E.g. Sulphuric acid + sodium oxide -> sodium sulphate + water This is a Neutralisation reaction Acid + Alkali -> a salt + water E.g. Sulphuric acid + potassium hydroxide -> potassium sulphate + water This is a neutralisation reaction Acid + Carbonate -> a salt + water + carbon dioxide E.g. Sulphuric acid + copper carbonate -> copper sulphate + water + carbon dioxide

  5. Naming Salts type of metal or ammonium in the base/alkali/metal/carbonate which reacts with the acid Sodium Chloride This comes from the acid • Remember • Hydrochloric acid makes chloride salts • Sulphuric acid makes sulphates • Nitric acid makes nitrates

  6. Precipitation Reactions • This is a reaction where a solid insoluble salt is produced when two soluble salt solutions are mixed together. This type of reaction is important when we want to remove heavy metal ions from polluted water. • E.g. Lead nitrate + Sodium chloride -> lead chloride + sodium nitrate Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) -> PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) • E.g. Silver nitrate + potassium iodide -> silver iodide + potassium nitrate AgNO3(aq) + KI2(aq) -> AgI(s) + KNO3(aq)

  7. Questions • Name the salt which is produced when hydrochloric acid reacts with ammonium hydroxide. • Which ions make acidic solutions? • What is an alkali? • Write the balanced symbol equation for sulphuric acid + potassium. Include the state symbols • What is produced in a precipitation reaction? • What is the equation for a neutralisation reaction?

  8. Answers • Ammonium Chloride • Hydrogen Ions • A soluble base • H2SO4(aq) + K(s) -> KSO4(aq) + H2(g)_ • An insoluble salt • H+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> H2O (l)

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