1 / 35

The Endocrine system!

The Endocrine system!. The Endocrine System!. A system of glands throughout the body that regulates and disperses hormones within the body. The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo" meaning inside, within, and "crinis" for secrete.

yehudi
Download Presentation

The Endocrine system!

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Endocrine system!

  2. The Endocrine System! • A system of glands throughout the body that regulates and disperses hormones within the body. • The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo" meaning inside, within, and "crinis" for secrete. • The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete chemical messages we call hormones. These signals are passed through the blood to arrive at a target organ, which has cells possessing the appropriate receptor. • Exocrine glands (not part of the endocrine system) secrete products that are passed outside the body. Sweat glands, salivary glands, and digestive glands are examples of exocrine glands.

  3. What is a hormone? • A hormone is a chemical that the endocrine glands send throughout your body. Hormones (which can be protein or lipid in nature) affect your growth, puberty, metabolism, weight, figure, shape, physical appearance, reproductive behavior, and emotions. Hormones regulate almost everything in your body (growth, weight, digestion, ability to reproduce, stress response, how tired you are, etc)

  4. How do hormones work? • Endocrine glands secrete potent hormones into the bloodstream that affect target cells with specific receptors and have no effect on other cells • Chemically, hormones are divided into steroids, amines, peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins

  5. Steroid Hormones • Ex's--estrogen, testosterone, cortisol • In cholesterol form • Enter target cell and bind to receptors--this forms complexes in the nucleus • complexes activate specific genes so certain proteins are synthesized

  6. 1. Steroids are soluble in lipids, allowing them to diffuse through the cell membrane 2. The steroid hormone combines with the according protein receptor, enters nucleus 3. The hormone-receptor complex activates transcription of specific genes into mRNA molecules 4.mRNA leave nucleus, enter cytoplasm, and associate with ribosomes to direct synthesis of specific proteins 5. Newly synthesized proteins carry out specific effects associated w/steroid hormone in question

  7. Non-steroid Hormones • Bind to receptors in target cell membrane, signals G protein, which activates 2ndary messenger molecules, which in turn activate protein kinases

  8. Negative Feedback Most hormones are regulated under a negative feedback system • The hypothalamus of a human responds to temperature fluctuations and responds accordingly. If the temperature drops, the body shivers to bring up the temperature and if it is too warm, the body will sweat to cool down due to evaporation. http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-negative-feedback.html

  9. Hypothalamus • A small very important gland, about the size of a pearl • Alters behavioral and autonomic functions The main link between the nervous and the endocrine system

  10. Contains three main regions; Anterior, Tuberal, and Posterior each containing their own nuclei with their own functions. ex: the lateral nuclei of the anterior region of the hypothalamus regulates thirst and hunger.

  11. Both neurotransmitters AND hormones can be found within the hypothalamus • Neurotransmitters are mostly synthesized within the hypothalamus Primarily Ach GABA Glutamate Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine

  12. The "control" center for the pituitary gland • Sends out Tropic hormones to tell the pituitary to secrete hormones Steps from Hypothalamus to Pituitary: the hypothalamus secretes tropic hormones that affect the anterior pituitary and these hormones enter the blood the blood vessels running away from the hypothalamus run directly into the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus, before continuing their journey through the body the anterior pituitary gets direct exposure to the blood from the hypothalamus; this blood is chock full o' hypothalamic hormones the hypothalamic hormones reach the cells of the anterior pituitary and exert their effect the anterior pituitary secretes its hormones

  13. Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)Oxytocin: Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) or prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) ("Hypothalamus and Pituitary." STCC Faculty Webpages. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 May 2013. <http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/U)

  14. Hypothalamic Disease Can cause hypothalamic disease: Anorexia Bleeding Bulimia Genetic disorders Growths (tumors) Head trauma Infections and swelling (inflammation) Malnutrition Radiation Surgery Too much iron Symptoms depend on the complication: Pituitary: Growth defects Late puberty Hypthyroidism: Cold intolerance Constipation Depressed mood Fatigue Hair or skin changes Hoarseness Impotence Loss of body hair and muscle (in men) Mental slowing Menstrual cycle changes Weight gain Tumor: Headaches Loss of vison Adrenal: Dizziness Weakness Blood and Urine tests can check balances in hormones Also MRI or CAT scans can detect changes in levels Treatment: Radiation (tumors) Hormonal replacement

  15. PITUITARY GLAND • Hypothalamus controls most pituitary gland secretions • Pituitary gland has anterior and posterior lobe

  16. Anterior Pituitary Hormones • Growth hormone (GH): stimulates cells to enlarge and divide more frequently (cell regeneration) • Prolactin (PRL): stimulates a woman's milk production • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): controls hormone secretion from the thyroid gland • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): controls hormone secretion from adrenal cortex • Also regulates gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

  17. Posterior Pituitary • Posterior lobe contains many neuroglial cells and nerve fibers • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) : reduces volume of water kidneys excrete • Oxytocin (OT): contracts muscles in uterine wall, contracts cells associated with producing/ejecting milk

  18. PITUITARY GLAND DISORDERS Pituitary adenoma : benign tumor Hypopituitarism: decreased secretion of one or more hormones in pituitary gland, rare Acromegaly: AP releases GH after epiphyseal plates close, commonly involves GH-producing tumor

  19. PINEAL GLAND • small structure attached to thalamus • secretes MELATONIN in response to light conditions outside of the body

  20. MELATONIN • Aids circadian rhythms--patterns of activity associated with night and day cycles • Changing melatonin levels throughout day influence body's sense of time--sleep-wake rhythm, fertility cycles • Inhibits secretion of of gonadotropins from AP, so may influence female reproductive cycle/puberty

  21. Thyroid • The Thyroid is "butterfly-shaped" • produces thyroxine -prohormone and smaller amounts of triiodothyronine -active hormone • The thyroid gland is a component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis-negative feedback control system.

  22. Thyroid disorders

  23. Parathyroid • located in the neck behind the thyroid • hormones regulate the use and function of calcium and phosphorus

  24. Ovaries & Testes These are the two main glands in the reproductive system. (Ovaries are female, Testes are male)

  25. The Ovaries The ovaries have two main reproductive functions in the body. They produce oocytes (eggs) for fertilization and they produce the reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone. They produce progesterone and estrogen, which are the main hormones vital to the menstrual cycle

  26. Menstrual Cycle • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Estrogen • Progesterone • Testosterone During the menstrual cycle, GnRH is released first by the hypothalamus. This causes a chemical reaction in the pituitary gland and stimulates the production of FSH and LH. Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are produced by the ovaries in reaction to stimulation by FSH and LH. When these hormones work together, normal menstrual cycles occur.

  27. Levels of hormones

  28. Testes The main hormone secreted by the testes is testosterone, an androgenic (male) hormone. Testosterone is secreted by cells that lie between the seminiferous tubules, known as the Leydig cells.

  29. Disorders within the Testes and Ovaries The most common disorder in ovaries is infertility. Ovarian cysts and cancer also occur. Male infertility is also very common. Testicular cancer can also occur.

  30. The Kidney Secretion of four hormones: Rennin Calcitriol Erythropoietin Thrombo

  31. Kidney

  32. Pancreas Islets of Langerhans: Alpha Cells Beta Cells Delta Cells

  33. Pancreas

  34. BIBLIOGRAPHY " You & Your Hormones | Glands | Thyroid gland." You & Your Hormones | Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2013. <http://www.yourhormones.info/glands/thyroid_gland.aspx>. "Endocrine System." Welcome!. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2013. <http://www.brodabarnes.org/endocrine_sys.htm>. "Endocrine System Information." University of Pennsylvania Health System | Penn Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2013. <http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/body_guide/reftext/html/endo_sys_fin.html>. "Parathyroid Gland Overview: Parathyroid Disease, Parathyroid Function, How Parathyroid Glands Work.." Parathyroid.com Discusses Parathyroid Disease, Hyperparathyroidism, Parathyroid Diagnosis and Surgery. Parathyroid Operations, Parathyroid Treatment and Parathyroid Tumors.. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 May 2013. <http://www.parathyroid.com/parathyroid.htm>. "Thyroid Diseases: MedlinePlus." National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2013. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html>. "everydayhealth." everydayhealth. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2013. <www.everydayhealth.com/health-questions/thyroxine/what-does-thyroxine-do>. "thyroid gland (anatomy) -- Encyclopedia Britannica." Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/594629/thyroid-gland>. "thyroxine (hormone) -- Encyclopedia Britannica." Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/594710/thyroxine>. "Parathyroid Disorders: MedlinePlus." National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2013. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parathyroiddisorders.html>. "Thyroid Problems, Disease - Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis." Women's Health Center: Information on Women's Wellness, Nutrition, Fitness, Intimate Questions, and Weight Loss. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2013. <http://women.webmd.com/guide/understanding-thyroid-problems-basics>. "HOMEOSTASIS." Bangkok Patana School - The British International school in Thailand. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2013. <http://www.patana.ac.th/secondary/science/ibtopics/ib%20human(05)/pages/5.6.htm>. "Hypothalamus and Pituitary." STCC Faculty Webpages. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2013. <http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/

More Related