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Peri-Operative Diabetic Patient Management

Peri-Operative Diabetic Patient Management. Larry Field, MD Critical Care Anesthesiologist Medical University of South Carolina. April 20, 2010. Objectives. Update our knowledge of different insulin preparations Update our knowledge of non-insulin (oral and injectable) agents

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Peri-Operative Diabetic Patient Management

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  1. Peri-Operative Diabetic Patient Management Larry Field, MD Critical Care Anesthesiologist Medical University of South Carolina April 20, 2010

  2. Objectives • Update our knowledge of different insulin preparations • Update our knowledge of non-insulin (oral and injectable) agents • Set reasonable goals for perioperative glycemic control • Suggest recommendations for achievement of glycemic goals • Disclaimers: None

  3. Diabetes Mellitus • Metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both • Affects 8% of general population • 20% of persons aged 65 to 74 • 30-40% of those born this past decade JAMA 2003;290:1884–90 Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 22:718–724

  4. Insulin Regimens • Humalog/ Novolog • Humalin/ Novolin • Lantus • Levemir (detemir)

  5. Non-insulin Agents

  6. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors • Acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset) • Inhibit oligosaccharide and disaccharide uptake at intestinal (brush border) level • If NPO, doesn’t do anything

  7. Biguanide • Metformin (Glucophage) • Inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the kidneys and liver • Bind to the Mitochondrial membranes, leading to decreased ATP and increased AMP • Limited hypoglycemia potential • Lactic acidosis black box warning • Classically hold for 48hrs • Eliminated by kidneys

  8. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:1791-1793

  9. Sulfonylureas • Endogenous insulin release from beta cells • Can cause hypoglycemia • Hold on morning of surgery www.endotext.org

  10. Meglitinides • Nateglinide (Starlix), repaglinide (Prandin), repaglinide/metformin (PrandiMet) • Induce endogenous insulin release similar to sulfonureas • Hypoglycemic risk reduced? • Quick/short action • Taken prior to each meal

  11. Thiozolidinediones (glitazones) • Troglitazone (Rezulin), rosiglitazone (Avandia), pioglitazone (Actos) • Transcription factor (PPAR)agonist  Insulin receptor sensitization • Also improves lipid profiles • No lactic acidosis • Limited potential for hypoglycemia • Hepatotoxicity and fluid retention concerns • Short plasma half-life; Long duration of action

  12. Combination Pills

  13. Incretin hormones? • GI hormones released in response enteral carbohydrate load • Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) • Increased insulin release from beta cells prior to hyperglycemia • Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) • Neuroendocrine signal

  14. GLP-1 • Alpha cells: • Glucose-dependent glucagon inhibition • Beta cells: • Primes glucose-dependent insulin release • Increases beta cell numbers • Increases insulin biosynthesis • Reduces appetite; slows gastric emptying

  15. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV • Ubiquitous • Involved in hormone degredation • GLP-1, VIP, GHRH, neuropeptide Y • GLP-1 is quickly degraded • Involved in immune cell messaging

  16. Amylin • Produced by pancreatic beta cells similar to insulin • Independent/additive effects to insulin • Glucose-dependent glucagon suppression • Satiety and delayed gastric emptying

  17. Newest Agents SQ PO SQ Little anesthetic experience with these agents Based on physiology and pharmacology Anesth Analg 2009;108:1803–10

  18. Surgery as a Metabolic Challenge • Stress hormones – catecholamines, cortisol, growth hormone • Cytokines – IL-6 and TNF-alpha • Hyperglycemia proportional to insult • Superficial: 10-20 mg/dl • Major vascular/cardiac: 50-100 mg/dl

  19. Stress-induced hyperglycemia • Adaptive response • Brain and red blood cell uptake is increased • Independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality

  20. Hyperglycemia • Impaired collagen production • Impaired neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing • Increased platelet aggregation • Infectious complications Clinical Diabetes 2009; 27:82-85

  21. Hypoglycemia • Sympatho-adrenal activation • Diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypertension • Weakness/fatigue  AMS  Coma • Common in Type 1 diabetics • Uncommon in Type 2 diabetics

  22. Intraoperative Glucose Control Data • Sparse data on outpatient procedures • Critical care data • Van den Berghe 2001  80-110 goal • NICE-SUGAR  140-180 goal • Cardiac/surgical data • Very tight vs good vs poor glucose control

  23. Insulin Benefits • Decreases endothelial activation • Improved lipid profiles • Decreases pro-inflammatory cytokine production • Benefits thought due to glycemic control

  24. Treatment Goal • Try to mimic normal metabolism as closely as possible: • Avoiding hypoglycemia • Avoiding excessive hyperglycemia • Avoid ketoacidosis • Avoid electrolyte/fluid disturbances • Avoid large fluctuations

  25. Consensus Recommendations Typical daily insulin regimen (DM Type 1: about 50% of daily insulin is basal) Consensus Statement, SAMBA 2010

  26. Consensus Recommendations Consensus Statement, SAMBA 2010

  27. Consensus Statement, SAMBA 2010

  28. Consensus Recommendations Consensus Statement, SAMBA 2010

  29. Consensus Recommendations Consensus Statement, SAMBA 2010

  30. Consensus Recommendations Consensus Statement, SAMBA 2010

  31. Consensus Recommendations Consensus Statement, SAMBA 2010

  32. POC testing can be off by +/- 20% • 20% of capillary • 7% of whole blood samples Mayo Clinic Proc. 2008; 83:394-397

  33. Consensus Recommendations Insulin admin: IV gtt vs IV bolus vs SQ bolus? Consensus Statement, SAMBA 2010

  34. Insulin Dosing • Use 1500 rule for regular insulin • Use 1800 rule for rapid-acting insulin Current opinion in anesthesiology 2009; 22:718-724

  35. Consensus Recommendations Consensus Statement, SAMBA 2010

  36. Current opinion in anesthesiology 2009; 22:718-724

  37. Other Anesthetic Considerationsfor Diabetes Mellitus • Diabetic comorbidities not covered today • Periop/stress steroids  Hyperglycemia within a couple of hours • Starvation increases insulin resistance  Preop carb loading may help • Beta-blockers can blunt catecholamine-induced hyperglycemia

  38. Other Anesthetic Considerationsfor Diabetes Mellitus • Etomidate can blunt steroid-induced hyperglycemia of stress • Volatile anesthetics impair insulin release and increase insulin resistance (dose-dependent) • Regional anesthesia/local anesthetics can blunt/abolish periop hyperglycemia • High-dose opioids also blunt

  39. A Final Thought Continuous glucose monitoring will (soon) be awesome!

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