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The Clean Air Act

The Clean Air Act. First Clean Air Act passed in 1967: 1970 Amendments established current relationship between states and federal government and required air quality plans Significant revisions in 1977 and 1990

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The Clean Air Act

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  1. The Clean Air Act • First Clean Air Act passed in 1967: 1970 Amendments established current relationship between states and federal government and required air quality plans • Significant revisions in 1977 and 1990 • 1990 Amendments developed because many urban areas continue to violate federal air quality standards • Increased emphasis on assessment and control of transported pollution

  2. Criteria Pollutants Identified • Six compounds were emitted in quantities sufficient to harm human health and welfare • Criteria pollutants reviewed every 5 years and revised if needed • Criteria Pollutants • CO, PB, NO2, SO2, O3, PM10 • Primary Pollutants • CO, Pb, NO2, SO2, PM10 • Secondary Pollutants • O3,PM2.5, Regional Haze

  3. A Quick Primer on How Ground Level Ozone is Formed

  4. Existing 1-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Areas Ozone Transport Region MarginalNonattainment Severe Nonattainment *For the 1-hour ozone standard. Includes Washington bump-up

  5. EPA’s Recent 8-hr Designation for Maryland (Moderate Nonattainment Areas) Baltimore Region Washington Region Cecil County (Phil. Region) EAC Region (WashingtonCounty Only) Kent and QA County – tied to Baltimore NAA

  6. Ozone Days Above the 1-hour Standard Source: MARAMA – 2002 Data

  7. Maryland’s Air Quality • Ozone levels in Maryland are very high • Fine particulate levels are high • Air pollution contributes significantly to Bay pollution • Regional haze and air toxics are also significant air pollution problems in Maryland

  8. Air Quality Plans • Complexity dependent on many factors • Pollutant formation: • Primary vs secondary • Local vs regional • Emissions: • Predominant source vs many sources • Control measures: • Technology vs behavioral changes • Technology available vs technology forcing • Cost effectiveness and who pays (perception)

  9. Background • Heavy-duty diesel engines have significantly lagged behind in the use of aftertreatment-based emission control • Significant source of emissions for both NOx (ozone) and Particulate Matter (PM) • Contrtibutor to respiratory disease

  10. Health Effects • 95% of diesel particulate fall into Pm2.5. Particles this size go deep into the lung • Worsens preexisting respiratory conditions such as asthma and allergies • In 1998 a California study classified 41 elements in diesel exhaust as toxins

  11. Environmental • By 2010 California estimates diesel emissions to: • Account for 39% of all NOx emissions • Account for 94% of all PM emissions

  12. EPA 2007 Rule • Adopted January 18,2001 • Applicable to all diesel vehicles with a GVWR of 8,501 lbs. And greater • Reduced exhaust emission standards • Low-sulfur diesel fuel

  13. 2007 HDDE Rule Emission Reductions • NOx from 2.0 to 0.2 g/bhp-hr (90% reduction) • Phase-in: 50% from 2007 to 2009 and 100% in 2010 • Non-Methane Hydrocarbons from 0.5 to 0.14 g/bhp-hr (72% reduction) • Phase-in: 50% from 2007 to 2009 and 100% in 2010 • PM from 0.1 to 0.01 g/bhp-hr (90% reduction) • Full implementation in 2007

  14. 2007 Rule Fuel Requirements • Diesel sulfur levels reduced from 500 ppm to 15ppm (97% reduction) • Beginning mid 2006 • Full implementation 2007

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