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Best available control technology (BACT) requirements . Roland C. Hea, P.E. Colorado Air Pollution Control Division. Main PSD Program Requirements. Install Best Available Control Technology (BACT) Perform air quality analysis to assess impacts on air quality (NAAQS and PSD increments)
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Best available control technology (BACT) requirements Roland C. Hea, P.E. Colorado Air Pollution Control Division
Main PSD Program Requirements • Install Best Available Control Technology (BACT) • Perform air quality analysisto assess impacts on air quality (NAAQS and PSD increments) • PerformClass I Area analysis toassess impacts onnational parks and wilderness areas or other Class I Areas • Perform additional impacts analysis • Provide opportunities for public involvement
BACT – Major Topics When does BACT apply Steps in the “Top Down” BACT analysis What does a BACT determination and limit look like Greenhouse gas (GHG) BACT issues State (Colorado) perspectives
Best Achievable Control Technology (BACT) Overview • Pollutant specific emissions limit, case-by-case • Takes into account energy, environmental, or economic impacts • Limit must be at least as stringent as applicable • New Source Performance Standard (NSPS) and/or • National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) • Selected by “Top Down” BACT analysis • Identify all available control technologies • Eliminate technically infeasible control options • Rank remaining control technologies by its effectiveness (considering economic, energy and environmental impacts) • Evaluate most effective controls and document results • Select BACT
BACT Applicability • Identify emissions units that are subject to BACT • Applies to each individual new or modified affected emissions unit or activity at which a net emissions increase would occur • Perform BACT analysis at each of the applicable emissions units for each regulated pollutant subject to PSD review
BACT Analysis Step 1 • Identify all available air pollution control technologies, regardless of cost • Information sources • Review RACT/BACT/LAER Clearing House http://cfpub1.epa.gov/RBLC/ • Look at BACT and LAER • Control technology vendors • Federal/state/local NSR permits • Environmental consultants • Technical journals (e.g., Journal of Air and Waste Management Association) and air pollution conferences • EPA’s Draft October 1990 NSR Workshop Manual
BACT Analysis Step 1 (cont.) • Include technologies used outside the U.S. • Include controls applied to similar categories and gas streams • Review applicable NSPS and NESHAP (including MACT), which define minimal “floor” for BACT • Consider • Inherently lower-emitting processes/practices • Add-on controls (e.g., scrubbers, fabric filters) • Combination of inherently lower-emitting processes/practices and add-on controls
BACT Analysis Step 1 (cont.) • EPA has not considered BACT requirement as a means to redefine design of a source when considering available control technology • For example, EPA does not require coal-fired electric generators to consider gas-fired electric turbines • Colorado takes the same position on this issue
BACT Analysis Step 2 Eliminate technically infeasible control options Source must demonstrate technical infeasibility, based on physical, chemical, and engineering principles If someone has issued a permit requiring a certain technology or emission limit, assumption is that the technology or limit is technically feasible (Colorado uses its permitting discretion to assess this aspect)
BACT Analysis Step 2 (cont.) • Where control technology has not been installed and operated successfully on the type of source under review, feasibility is determined based on • Availability (i.e., product has reached licensing and commercial sales stage of development) • Applicability • Control alternative has or will be deployed on same or similar source type, or • Could be used on source based on physical and chemical characteristics of pollutant-bearing gas stream
BACT Analysis Step 2 (cont.) Applicant may show technical infeasibility through an unresolvable technical difficulty with applying the control (e.g., size of unit, location of proposed site, operating problems related to specific circumstances of source) Applicant may not use cost to demonstrate infeasibility, but may be considered in economic impacts portion of BACT analysis
Class exercise Please see handout
BACT Analysis Step 3 • Rank remaining control technologies according to control effectiveness. For each pollutant, list includes • Control efficiency (percent of pollutant removed) • Expected emissions reduction (tons/year) • Economic Impacts • Environmental Impacts (e.g., significant impact on surface water) • Energy Impacts
BACT Analysis Step 3 -Control Efficiency • Two key questions • How to compare apples to apples (deciding common unit for comparing the emissions of each option) • How to analyze control techniques that can operate over a wide range of emission performance levels • Tips: what to watch for • Observations: major issues in this area
BACT Analysis Step 3 - Expected Emissions Reductions (tons/year) Calculate annual emission projections for each option using standard PTE approach Options ranked with top spot going to control technology option that achieves lowest emissions level, in descending order of emissions control effectiveness
BACT Analysis Step 3 – Economic and Other Impacts • Applicant prepares list to display top-down ranking, and for each alternative includes data on • Economic impacts • Environmental impacts (i.e., non-air quality impacts) • Energy impacts
BACT Analysis Step 3 – Economic Impacts • Economic impacts include • Average cost effectiveness (dollars per ton of emissions reduced) based on data from similar sources • Incremental cost effectiveness • Affordability to source is not as relevant as average and incremental cost-effectiveness • Where control technology has been successful for similar sources, applicant need to document significant cost differences for its source to eliminate control alternative
BACT Analysis Step 3 – Economic Impacts (cont.) • Key issues for cost effectiveness • Ensure that design parameters used in cost estimates are consistent with emissions estimates used in other portions of PSD application (e.g., dispersion modeling inputs and permit emission limits) • Ask for more detailed cost data if cost projections appear excessive in light of recent cost data
BACT Analysis Step 3 – Economic Impacts (cont.) • Average cost effectiveness • Total annualized costs of control, divided by • Annual emission reductions (the difference between the baseline emission rate and the controlled emission rate) • Major issues • Underestimation of PTE • Overestimation of annualized costs • Inclusion of indirect costs that should not be considered in a BACT analysis (see EPA control cost manual)
BACT Analysis Step 3 – Economic Impacts (cont.) • Incremental cost effectiveness compares costs and emissions performance level of a control option to the next most stringent option • Calculation • Total annualized cost of option 1 minus total annualized cost of option 2 (less stringent option), divided by • Option 2 emission rate minus option 1 emission rate
BACT Analysis Step 3 – Environmental Impacts • Environmental impacts should include • any significant or unusual other media impacts (e.g., water or solid waste) • Usually limited to discharges with potential for causing adverse environmental effects • Quantify mass and composition of discharges and consequences of release • Impacts on ground water and local surface water; whether applicable water quality standards will be met; availability/effectiveness of mitigation techniques • Quality and quantity of solid waste to be stored, disposed of or recycled (including permeability, water retention, leachability, hazardous characteristics, etc.) • Irreversible or irretrievable commitment of resources (e.g., scarce water resources) • Significant differences in noise levels, radiant heat, dissipated static electrical energy and greenhouse gas emissions
BACT Analysis Step 3 – Environmental Impacts (cont.) • Environmental impacts should include the relative ability of each control alternative to control emission of HAPs and visibility impacts • Examples where environmental factors have made a difference in a BACT analysis • Aqueous versus anhydrous ammonia • Dry vs. wet scrubbing for a coal-fired power plant • Local water table low, thus dry cooling better option • Environmental concerns become important when site-specific receptors exist • Application to tribal issues – discuss with class
BACT Analysis Step 3 – Energy Impacts Generally consider only direct energy consumption of alternative control technologies Quantify any benefits or penalties Typically can monetize these impacts and factor them into the economic impacts analysis
BACT Analysis Step 4 Evaluate most effective controls based on all the factors in Step 3 Document results
Sample Top-Down BACT Determination Small group exercise: Each group makes a recommendation on BACT Discuss results
BACT Analysis Step 5 • Ultimate BACT decision is made by permitting agency after public review • BACT is based on most effective control option for which adequate justification for rejection not provided • Public gets at least 30 days to review draft permit • Practical advice for reviewers • Public comment hearing provisions • Permitting agency will consider any new information revealed during comment period, including recent permit decisions
Implementing BACT • BACT is an emission limit that • Is needed for each emission unit at a source, subject to PSD for each pollutant subject to review that is emitted by source • Must be met continually at all levels of operation • Alternate BACT limits may be needed for other operational scenarios (e.g., startup/shutdown) • Must protect short-term ambient standards (limits and averaging times) • Specifies a control technology or practice, numerical limit and averaging time
Implementing BACT (cont.) • Incentive to operate efficiently • BACT can be made more stringent if initial BACT emission levels would result in a NAAQS or a PSD increment to be exceeded • Proposed source or modification still has to demonstrate compliance with other standards included in the PSD analysis • Must be enforceable as a practical matter • Monitoring considerations for demonstrating on-going compliance
Greenhouse Gas Considerations Relatively new, agencies have less experience implementing Energy efficiency Setting numerical limits and averaging times Carbon capture and sequestration See http://www.epa.gov/nsr/ghgpermitting.html
Summary Major stationary sources and major modifications that are subject to PSD must conduct a BACT analysis Each BACT analysis is case-by-case and is based on evaluation of all available control technologies Alternatives are ranked in descending order of control effectiveness The most stringent or top alternative is BACT unless the applicant demonstrates that technical considerations or energy, environmental or economic impacts justify the elimination of the control option