EPSY 8334

1. EPSY 8334 Class 1 and 2 (Spring 2014) Heppner et al 3 -4 Pyrczak & Bruce 1-4

2. Science in Counseling Psychology • Are our interventions effective? • Empirically Validated Treatments • Experimental studies- randomized clinical trials • Relations about psychological phenomena

3. Class Goals • Identify a research question • Develop a research proposal that includes • An introduction/literature review that provides conceptual framework for research question based on theoretical/empirical literature • Methods to conduct study • Participants • Instruments to collect the data • Procedures • Analyses

4. Class Goals • Demonstrate skills necessary to understand results sections of journals • correlation, T-Test, ANOVAS MANOVAS Regression, moderation/mediation analyses • Demonstrate knowledge regarding characteristics of articles that report results of randomized clinical trials: psychotherapy outcome studies

5. Conceptualizing a Research Question • Three steps • What do we know about the issue. • What we do not know about the issue. • How will the study bridge the gap. • How what we know leads to the questions in the study

6. Identify Research Topics 4/8 • Read, Read, Think Think….. • Identify/discuss ideas • Build on previous research • Identify research questions (Kiplinger & Lee, 2001)

7. Identify Research Topics 4/8 Identify: • Measurable constructs • Instruments to assess constructs • Participants • Statistical analyses

8. Literature: Replication vs. Guide Use different operational definition of variable Add moderator or control variables Develop different way to test hypotheses Combine questions/strategies from several studies Examine similar questions with a different population Identify gaps weaknesses in previous work that you will address in your study

9. Research Proposal • Describe your research interests in general, broad terms. • Identify testable research question(s) • Identify the variables/constructs embedded in the question • Provide conceptual definitions for variables. • Provide operational definitions for variables • Instruments

10. Assumptions Research Paradigms Ontology Epistemology Methodology 10

11. Assumptions Research Paradigms Ontology Epistemology Methodology Branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being & reality Branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge Relationship of Knower to Known Procedures to gain knowledge about the world (reality – others) 11

12. Assumptions Paradigms Ontology Epistemology Methodology Positivism Post-Positivism Constructivism Critical Theory 12

13. True or False?? The scientific method allows us to observe facts without bias. Observations of psychological states measured with scores on an instrument always will include “true” and “error” measurement. 13

14. True or False?? In research, the observedcannot be separated from the observer. There is privileged and non-privileged knowledge. 14

15. Positivism

16. Positivism

17. Post- Positivism

18. Constructivism

19. Constructivism--Critical Theory

20. True or False?? • The scientific method allows us to observe facts without bias. • Observations of psychological states measured with scores on a test always will include “true” and “error” measurement.

21. True or False?? • The observedcannot be separated from the observer. • There is privileged and non-privileged knowledge.

22. Goals of Science • Advance knowledge • Make discoveries • Increase our understanding of human behavior, and • Acquire facts about counseling (behavior) • Science vs. Practice-- ??

23. Science Practice

24. Testable Research Question (Kerlinger & Lee, 2000) Asks a Question About …… That ………… 24

25. Testable Research Question Asks a Question About the relation of two or more constructs (correlation/experimental) That can be measured in some way 25

26. Types of Research Questions • Descriptive • Describe what a phenomenon is like: Collect/Categorize Information- Survey • Difference • Compare between two or more groups • Experimental • Association - hypotheses • Correlation (association) • Extent to which 2 or more continuous psychological constructs vary together

27. Research Questions (which analyses?)Descriptive, Difference, Correlation • What are the levels of anxiety and career indecision reported by college men and women? • Do college women report higher levels of anxiety than college men? • Do college women report higher levels of career indecision than college men?

28. Research Questions (which analyses?)Descriptive, Difference, Correlation Among college students, are anxiety scores related to career indecision scores? Do college students diagnosed with an anxiety disorder report higher levels of career indecision than college students without an anxiety disorder ?

29. Research Questions Descriptive, Difference, Correlation • Among college students, what is the combined and unique contribution of anxiety, self-esteem and optimism to career indecision? • Among college students, are there gender differencesin the relation of anxiety to career indecision?

30. Moderation Question • Among college students, are there genderdifferencesin the relation of anxietyto career indecision? • Among men, is anxiety related to career indecision? Is the relation + or -? • Amongwomen, is anxiety related to career indecision? Is the relation + or -?

31. Report to Research Questions Descriptive, Difference, Correlation Is career indecision –CDS-- a multifactorial or a one-dimensional construct?

32. Types of Variables • Categorical • Discrete groups: gender, depressed diagnosois • Continuous Interval Scale (equal intervals) • Temperature, money, days • Continuous Ordinal • Rank ordered – Likert Scales

33. Types of Research Questions • Descriptive • Describe what a phenomenon is like: Collect/Categorize Information - Survey • Difference • Compare: Between-groups • Independent variable: categorical and status or experimental • Correlation • Extent to which 2 or more continuous psychological constructs vary together

34. Analyses: Descriptive • Collect/Categorize Information - Survey • Means, SD • Mean score in standardized test by groups • Mean score in opinion survey by groups • Proportions of populations/groups • Percentage of high school graduates who attend college, by ethnic group, • Percentage of college students who graduate in 6 years or less, by gender

35. Stat. Analyses: Difference • Compare means in continuous variables between two or more groups: t-test, ANOVA, MANCOVA- • Experimental- DV is categorical andmanipulated • Non-experimental- DV is categorical and status variable (not manipulated) • Descriptive Q. vs. Difference Q. --  Hypothesis

36. Analyses: Difference African American depressed adults who receive culturally infused CBT will obtain lower post-test scores in the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) than their counterparts who receive traditional CBT. Experimental or Non-Experimental ? IV DV

37. Analyses: Difference African American depressed adults who receive culturally infused CBT will obtain lower post-test depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory-BDI) than their counterparts who receive traditional CBT. Experimental or Non-Experimental ? Random assignment to treatment groups IV Treatment Groups: CICBT --- TCBT DV Scores in BDI

38. Analyses: Difference - T-Test

39. Analyses: Difference Women will obtain higher BDI scores at post-test than men (regardless of treatment group) Experimental or Non-Experimental ? IV DV

40. Analyses: Difference Women will obtain higher BDI scores at post-test than men (regardless of treatment group) Experimental or Non-Experimental ? Gender – status variable, no random assignment IV Gender - DV BDI scores

41. Analyses: Difference - T-Test

42. 2X2 ANOVA: Treatment and Client Gender Differences in Depression

43. Does Gender Moderate the treatment effects?

44. 2X2 ANOVA: Treatment and Client Gender Differences in Depression

45. Analyses: Difference Mothers who are diagnosed with clinical depression (BDI>16) will obtain lower scores in parenting skills (Parenting Skills Rating Scale: PSRS) than mothers who are not clinically depressed (BDI<16). Experimental or Non-Experimental? IV DV

46. Analyses: Difference • Mothers who are diagnosed with clinical depression (BDI>16) will obtain lower scores in parenting skills (Parenting Skills Rating Scale: PSRS) than Mothers who are not clinically depressed (BDI<16). . • Experimental or Non-Experimental? • Status variables- no randomnization • IV Depression group: Yes vs. No • DV Score in Parenting SRS

47. Analyses: Difference - T-Test

48. Analyses Differences: 2 IVs Are there differences in scores in the Parenting Skills Scale among mothers (a) who are depressed or non depressed (b) and who have a partneror not? Does partner status moderate (makes a difference in) the association of mothers’ depression diagnosis to scores on parenting skills ratings? IVs DV

49. Analyses Differences: 2 IVs Are there differences in scores in the Parenting Skills Scale among mothers (a) who are depressed or non depressed (b) and who have a partner or not? Does partnerstatus moderate the relation of mothers’ depression status to scores on parenting skills ratings? IVs partner status (Mod)- depression diagnosis DV parenting skills

50. 2X2 ANOVA: Depression Diagnosis and Partner Status in Parenting Skills (n=100)