Rome Chapter 5

1. Rome Chapter 5

2. Warm Up • First king of united Persia: • Define Satrap: • Explain the religion of Persia: • What was the urban center of Greece • Hoplite: • Greek military formation and its success: • Invention in Lydia: • Government in Athens: • Government in Sparta: • Compare women in the two Greek cities

3. Warm Up • Explain the Persian Wars: • Explain the purpose of the Delian League: • What was the real purpose of the Delian League: • What book did Plato write? What did it explain? • Alexander the Great was from what empire? • How did he gain power? • Explain Hellenism:

4. Fun Facts about Rome • Slaves in Ancient Rome made up to 40% of the population. • Asparagus was a highly prized delicacy in Ancient Rome and was kept frozen in the Alps for Feasts and Festivals. • In Ancient Rome, only boys went to school. The girls stayed at home.

5. Fun Facts • Women dyed their hair with goat fat and beech wood ashes. Blonde and red were the most popular colors • Instead of Soap, Romans used oil and scraped off the oil with a metal tool • Romans played board games like chess, checkers and tic-tac-toe.

6. Fun Facts • Our Planets in the Solar System are well named after the main Roman Gods • Roman soldiers, or legionaries, usually covered roughly eighteen miles per day. • Only citizens of Rome were allowed to wear a toga • Romans used a sponge soaked in salt water, on the end of a stick as toilet paper

7. ROME

8. I. Rome’s Mediterranean Empire, 753 BCE – 600 CE • A. Republic of Farmers, 753-31 BCE • Rome was ruled first by kings until 507 BCE • Representatives from senate overthrew and established a republic • Government: Rome was ruled by 2 consuls (elected every year!) and a senate, created law of 12 tables and law of nations • 12 tables were laws applied to Roman citizens • Law of nations applied to non Roman citizens • Law of nations created innocent until proven guilty and allowing accused right to a defense • Family structure: Roman families lived under the authority of the oldest male living (paterfamilias) • Role of Women in Rome: more freedom than Greek women, subordinate to paterfamilias, some women became independent after death of their fathers

9. 12 tables

10. Law of Nations

11. Roman religion worshipped supernatural gods like Jupiter and Mars, rituals were performed to ensure favor with the gods • http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/roman/index.htm • B. Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean • Explanations for expansion included greed, aggressiveness, fear of attack, show military strength • Conquered all of Italy by 290 BCE and granted all Roman citizenship • Gave conquered citizenship and built up their cities! • Importance of citizenship: could have better rights and be a part of a great empire. Cities just had to pay a tax and provide troops

12. Roman Sewer System

17. Roman aqueducts • For most of their length the early aqueducts were simply channels bored through the rock, from the water intake in the hills almost to the distribution cistern in Rome. • Only in the final stretches was theconduit raised on arches, to give a sufficient head for distribution of the water within the city.

19. Roman aqueducts • Many cities still maintain and use the ancient aqueducts even today, although open channels have usually been replaced by pipes. • The Romans typically built numerous aqueducts to serve any large city in their empire, as well as many small towns and industrial sites.

21. Roman Aqueducts • The aqueducts required very careful planning before building, especially to determine the water source to be used, the length of aqueduct needed and its size. Great skill was needed to ensure a regular gradient, so that the water would flow smoothly from its source without the flow damaging the walls of the channel.

23. Roman aqueducts • The aqueducts were built from a combination of stone, brick and the special volcanic cement pozzuolana. While their visible remains leave a definite impression, the great bulk of the Roman waterway system ran below ground. Channels bored through rock, or dug below the surface carried water where it was convenient and possible. Of the approximately 260 miles in the aqueduct system, only 30 miles consisted of the visible, mammoth arched structures.

25. Roman aqueducts • Maintenance of the water system was a continuous task, and the Romans assigned a Curator Aquarum to oversee this undertaking. Paid laborers, slaves and the legions all had parts in building parts of the water system. The Curator Aquarum maintained the aqueducts of Rome, while similar curators oversaw those in the provinces.

29. Three Punic Wars: Roman expansion stretches across the Med Sea and wants islands off Italy • First Punic War • War started in 246 BC when the Romans sent an army to help some allies in Sicily • Carthage considered this an act of war because they believed Sicily to be part of their empire • Carthage’s powerful navy dominated the fighting early on • The Romans were a land power and had to create their own navy • The war ended when the Roman navy defeated the Carthaginian navy off the coast of Sicily

30. Hannibal

31. Second Punic War • Rome encouraged one of Carthage’s Spanish allies to revolt and Carthage struck back with the greatest Carthaginian general, Hannibal • Hannibal decided to bring war home to the Romans • 218 BC Hannibal led a well-trained army of 46,000 men and a force of 37 war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps to invade Italy • 216 BC Romans decided to meet Hannibal head on • Was a disaster for Rome • Refused to surrender and raised another army • For many years Hannibal dominated the Italian countryside • Defeated one Roman army after another

35. Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, the Romans decided on a new strategy • The Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean and attacked Carthage • Carthage was forced to recall Hannibal • Battle of Zama (202 BC) – Romans defeat Hannibal’s army • Carthage lost Spain, which became part of Rome • Carthage was stripped of its navy • Rome is now the dominant power on the Mediterranean

36. Battle of Zama

37. Third Punic War: Romans decide in favor of the complete destruction of Carthage • After a siege of three years, Carthage finally fell in 146 BC • Roman soldiers spent ten days burning and demolishing buildings • The entire population was sold into slavery • Carthage became a Roman province called Africa

38. Governors (consuls) only serve one year and want their name and legacy to be known so they make drastic changes which leads to instability • C. Failure of the Republic • Latifundia and its impact: when military men go off to fight no one is there to tend their land, large landowners bought up their land and created large estates called latifundia • Therefore there was a decline in soldiers and a decline in food production for the empire (cash crops not essential crops) • Slaves are now driven off farm land and sent to the cities where they are unemployed creating a divide between rich and poor

39. Roman army was so big that it needed to be divided into legions • Soldiers would now be devoted to legion leaders and not to the empire • D. Roman principate, 31 BCE-330 CE • Julius Caesar’s grandnephew comes to power (Octavian) he takes the name Caesar Augustus and he ruled Rome as a military dictator • During his reign Egypt, Middle East, and Central Europe was added to the empire • Emperors are now chosen by the army and not by birth • Roman law was no longer made by the senate as it had in the republic, now it was made by the emperor

41. Warm Up • Law for Roman citizens • Law for non Romans • 2 things law of nations set up • Explain the Punic Wars and their importance: • Leader of Carthage • Define Latifundia and how it impacts Rome:

42. E. Urban Empire • Most of the Roman empire was made up of farmers to sustain the population • 50-60 million people in the empire • Three largest cities outside of the capital: Alexandria, Antioch, and Carthage • Plebeians: roman working class • lived in crowded apartment buildings where fire was a constant hazard • To keep the poor from rebelling against the bad living conditions, free food and public entertainment became a major feature of city life • “Bread and Circuses”

43. Slavery • Romans relied the most on slave labor and had the most slaves • Large numbers of captured peoples brought back as slaves • Slaves built buildings and roads, were used as tutors, on farms, and as shop assistants • Patricians: roman wealthy • usually had a house in the city and one in the country • Mostly owned land and dominated the government positions • Ones that funded aqueducts, baths, theatres, gardens, and temples

44. Pax Romana = Roman Peace • Age of peace and prosperity • Started off with the reign of Augustus in 27 BC and ended with the death of the last Good Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, in 180 AD • Stable gov’t, strong legal system, widespread trade • Not much war or invasion • The Roman gov’t was the strongest unifying force in the empire • Maintained order and enforced the laws • Romanization: Latin language, Roman clothing, Roman lifestyle was spread throughout the empire • Extension of Roman citizenship to all free adult inhabitants

45. GLADIATORS

46. Roman gladiatorial combat originated as a religious event. The Romans claimed that their tradition of gladiatorial games was adopted from the Etruscans

47. These games symbolized the re-enactment of the Campanians' military success over the Samnites, in which they were aided by the Romans. The first Roman gladiatorial games were held in 246 BCE by Marcus and Decimus Brutus in honor of their father, Junius Brutus

48. It was a relatively small affair that included the combat of three pairs of slaves in the Forum Boarium • Eventually gladiatorial games reached spectacular heights in the number of combatants and their monumental venues.