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OCEANS: Mass: 1.4 x 10 21 kg Area: 3.6 x 10 8 km 2 Average depth: ~4 km

OCEANS: Mass: 1.4 x 10 21 kg Area: 3.6 x 10 8 km 2 Average depth: ~4 km. How much ice needs to melt to raise the level by 1 cm?. Enough to add 3.6 x 10 8 km 2 x 10 -5 km = 3.6 x 10 3 km 3 of water = ~ 4 x 10 3 km 3 of ice. ~3 x 10 6 km 3.  ~10 meter. ~3 x 10 7 km 3.

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OCEANS: Mass: 1.4 x 10 21 kg Area: 3.6 x 10 8 km 2 Average depth: ~4 km

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  1. OCEANS: Mass: 1.4 x 1021 kg Area: 3.6 x 108 km2 Average depth: ~4 km How much ice needs to melt to raise the level by 1 cm? Enough to add 3.6 x 108 km2 x 10-5 km = 3.6 x 103 km3 of water = ~ 4 x 103 km3 of ice

  2. ~3 x 106 km3  ~10 meter ~3 x 107 km3  ~100 meter

  3. OCEANS: Mass: 1.4 x 1021 kg Area: 3.6 x 108 km2 Average depth: ~4 km What temperature change will raise the level by 1 cm? expansion coefficient: between 0 (at 3 C) to 2 x 10-4 K-1 (at 20 C)

  4. Are we Warming up? YES Not All Natural? YES YES dangerous? NO NO NO HOAX HOAX HOAX

  5. Are we Warming up? YES Not All Natural? YES YES dangerous? NO NO NO HOAX HOAX HOAX

  6. Are we Warming up? YES Not All Natural? YES YES Now What? dangerous? NO NO NO HOAX HOAX HOAX

  7. Limiting the global temperature rise at 2%, considered as a high risk level by the Stockholm Environmental Institute, demands 75% decline in carbon emissions in the industrial countries by 2050

  8. ~ 2 TerraWatts = 2 x 1012 Watts (2000 million K) Per Year: 2 x 1012 x (60x60x24x365) = ~ 60 x 1018Joules = 60 ExaJoules

  9. H = (bonds broken) - (bonds formed) Covalent Bond Energy • Covalent bond energy is measured by the energy required to break the bond. • The bond enthalpy, Δ(X-Y) is the average H for breaking one mole of X-Y bonds in the gas phase: • When one mole of X-Y bonds is formed, the enthalpy change is  H(X-Y).

  10. · · 2 H O H · · H · · · · = 2 O O · · · · H C H · · · · = = H O C O · · · · Estimate H for the combustion of CH4: +  + 4 (C–H) + 2 (O=O) H = - 2 (C=O) - 4 (O–H) = [ 4(413) - 2(799) - 4(463) ] kJ + 2(495) = -808 kJ

  11. Comparing fuels • Natural gas: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2+ 2 H2O ΔH=-808 kJ/mol • Coal: C + O2 → CO2 • Oil: C20H42 + 30½O2 → 20CO2+ 21 H2O

  12. Comparing fuels • Natural gas: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2+ 2 H2O ΔH=-808 kJ/mol • Coal: C + O2 → CO2ΔH=-393.5 kJ/mol • Oil: C20H42 + 30½O2 → 20CO2+ 21 H2O

  13. Comparing fuels • Natural gas: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2+ 2 H2O ΔH=-808 kJ/mol • Coal: C + O2 → CO2ΔH=-393.5 kJ/mol • Oil: C20H42 + 30½O2 → 20CO2+ 21 H2O ΔH=-13315 kJ/molΔH=-666kJ/mol.CO2

  14. Comparing fuels Production of 1 GigaJoule of energy releases: • Natural gas: (109 J ÷ 808,000 J/mol ) x 0.044 kg/mol = 54.5 kg CO2

  15. Comparing fuels Production of 1 GigaJoule of energy releases: • Natural gas: (109 J ÷ 808,000 J/mol ) x 0.044 kg/mol =54.5 kg CO2 • Coal: • Oil:

  16. Comparing fuels Production of 1 GigaJoule of energy releases: • Natural gas: (109 J ÷ 808,000 J/mol ) x 0.044 kg/mol =54.5 kg CO2 • Coal: 112 kg CO2 • Oil: 66 kg CO2 To produce 500 exaJoule with gas releases ……. (500 x 1018 J) x (54 kg / 109 J) = 27 x 1012 kg = 27 Gton = 4 ppm

  17. October 12, 1999: 6 billion! December, 2012: 7 billion! Now doubling every 61 years

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