Chapter 12 The Civil War

1. Chapter 12The Civil War Section 1 The Union Dissolves

3. A. Last Ditch Compromise • Crittenden Compromise • Sen. John Crittenden of Kentucky • Proposal – Reinstate the Missouri Compromise line west through the remaining territories • Rejected by Lincoln. Why? • He would have lost the support of many Republicans if he had allowed slavery to expand into the territories

4. A. Last Ditch Compromise • Secessionists vs. the Union • Secessionists excited about creating a new country • Why did Lincoln try to keep the South from seceding? • He took an oath of office to enforce the Constitution in every state • No state should be able to get out of the Union by its own decision • Country was made up of people, not states

5. B. Fall of Fort Sumter • The South easily took control of many federal forts, mints and arsenals – Fort Sumter at Charleston, S.C. remained in Union hands • Why was Fort Sumter important? • It controlled naval access to one of the South’s largest ports • Lincoln’s dilemma– • Protect the fort but without being the aggressor • Why? Most remaining slave states said they would secede if force was used, but he would look weak if he just let the Confederacy take it.

7. B. Fall of Fort Sumter • Lincoln’s decision – send supplies only • Result – • Confederate troops led by Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard refuse to allow ships through • Bombing begins at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861 • Maj. Robert Anderson and troops surrender 34 hours later • Lincoln’s Call to Arms – Two days after the surrender, Lincoln asks states to provide 75,000 troops for 3 months

9. “Showers of balls… and shells… poured into the fort in one incessant [unending] stream causing great flakes of masonry to fall in all directions. When the immense mortar shells, after sailing high in the air, came down in a vertical direction and buried themselves in the parade ground, their explosion shook the fort like an earthquake.” -- Abner Doubleday, Maj. Anderson’s second-in-command

10. C. Choosing Sides • Four more Southern states secede after Lincoln’s call for troops– Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia • Confederate capital – Richmond, Virginia • Border States – Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri keep slavery legal but remain in Union (not always willingly)

12. C. Choosing Sides • West Virginia – People living in the mountains of northwestern Virginia set up their own government in 1861, became a state in 1863 • Family divisions – Upper South’s white population remained divided over secession, many family members fought on opposite sides • Including two sons of Sen. John Crittenden

13. Strengths for each side

15. E. Comparing Sides • Armies • Union – • Over 500,000 by end of 1861 • Over 2.7 million during the entire war • About 180,000 African Americans and 3,500 Native Americans served • Confederacy – • Over 258,000 by end of 1861 • 750,000 during the entire war • Included about 5,500 Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw and Choctaw Indians

16. Robert E. Lee "With all my devotion to the Union and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my commission in the Army, and save in defense of my native State, with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be needed, I hope I may never be called on to draw my sword....." Lee in a letter to his sister, April 20, 1861 Question: Why did Lee resign from the U.S. Army?

18. F. 1st Battle of Bull Run • Fighting at Manassas • Lincoln wants to take Richmond right away, both sides thought their troops needed more training • Battle of Bull Run – at Manassas Junction, 30 miles outside of Washington, D.C. • Confederates – led by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, dug in on high ground behind a creek called Bull Run • Result – Union squanders early advantage, then are forced to retreat back to D.C.

19. F. 1st Battle of Bull Run • Aftermath of Southern victory • Most people realized that the war would take longer than expected • Most important effects were psychological • North shocked and shamed but now more determined • South thought they were the better side • Johnston named to command Army of Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee named adviser • George McClellan named head of Union army

21. Chapter 12The Civil War Section 2 The North and South Face Off

22. A. Strategies of War • North’s three-part plan to win the war – Anaconda Plan • Capture Richmond • Gain control of the Mississippi River • Naval blockade • How did it get its name? • Why this plan? It would divide the fighting into two areas (east and west of the Appalachians) and cut off the western part of the Confederacy

24. A. Strategies of War • South’s plan to win the war • Drive through Virginia and invade the North • Why this plan? Three things – • Shatter northern morale • Disrupt Union communications • Win European support • Why were the Confederates hoping for support from Great Britain or France? • Two reasons why this plan failed –

26. B. Military Experience • Young recruits on both sides – • Plenty of shortages – • Camp conditions – • Unsanitary and full of disease • Worst conditions of all were in prisoner-of-war camps in both North and South • Where was the worst POW camp? Andersonville, Georgia • Why?

29. C. Matthew Brady • Who was he? Famous early photographer • What were the most dramatic photos? Pictures of soldiers lying dead on the battlefield

32. D. Home Front • North • Women replaced male factory workers and farmers • Civilians participated in volunteer groups that raised money for Union cause or provided relief services • South • Southerners supported the war effort with patriotic events like parades and fund raisers • First sign of trouble – Effects of the blockade and providing for war effort set in, life became hard

33. E. Civilian Aid on the Battlefield • Women tried to serve in battle and others served as spies, over 3,000 served as nurses • Clara Barton – Nurse on the battlefield, started the American Red Cross after the war • Sally Tompkins – Commissioned as a Confederate captain

35. F. War Opposition • Southern Opposition • Spring of 1862 – Confederates hold first draft • Poor farmers and working people were left to fight because large plantation owners didn’t have to serve • Conscription – forced military service • Food shortages led to riots

36. F. War Opposition • Northern Opposition • Too costly, took too long • Riots in New York City in 1863 • Response to Union draft law • Could pay $300 to get out of draft • Immigrants and working class vs. elite • Copperheads – • Type of poisonous snake, nickname given to Northern Democrats who opposed the war • Limited antiwar activities to newspaper articles and speeches

37. The Copperhead Party - in favor of a vigorous prosecution of peace!

38. F. War Opposition • Lincoln’s response to Copperheads • Suspension of some civil liberties including habeas corpus • What is habeas corpus? • Protection against unlawful imprisonment • What happened to many Copperheads? • Arrested and held without a trial indefinitely

39. Chapter 12The Civil War Section 3 Fighting the War

40. A. War in the West • Union Differences in East and West • East – Turmoil at the top • West – Grant finds success • Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862) • SW Tennessee along the Mississippi border • Union victory, 23,000 casualties on both sides • End result – • Union gains big advantage in battle for Mississippi River • Casualty count gets people’s attention

41. Grant

42. A. War in the West • New Orleans (Late April 1862) • Why was it important? Two major reasons • Largest city in the South • Cut off supplies to western Confederate troops and allow troops to go up river to join Grant • Admiral David Farragut • Result of both battles– • Union makes big gains, Confederate morale starts to fall

44. B. Eastern Campaigns • Lincoln wants Richmond, McClellan in charge • Peninsula Campaign • McClellan – not Lincoln’s favorite general • McClellan decides against direct attack • Yorktown and Seven Pines • Seven Days’ Campaign

45. McClellan

46. C. Shift in War Goals • Beginning to Move Against Slavery • Wanting a resolution • July 1862 – • Lincoln’s hope – • More slaves would run away to join Union army and hurt South’s economy • Emancipation Proclamation – • What was it? • Lincoln’s plan to free the slaves • Why only in the South? • Border states and lack of Constitutional authority

47. D. Antietam • September 17, 1862 – Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland • Why did Confederates need a win? • Lucky break – McClellan still can’t get it right • What happened – • Bloodiest single day of the war, McClellan out again • September 22, 1862 – • Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation to begin Jan. 1, 1863

50. E. African Americans Take Up Arms • Danger to captured African Americans? • 54th Massachusetts Infantry (story told in the movie “Glory”) – • Who were they? • 1st all-black regiment • What happened? • Led attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, SC on July 18, 1863 • Discrimination – Lower pay, white officers • Numbers by end of the war – 180,000