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Gas Generation & Radioactive Waste Disposal . Paul Humphreys. Introduction . Gas generation is a fundamental issue in radioactive waste disposal Direct impact on: Waste processing and packaging Facility design Radionuclide release
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Gas Generation & Radioactive Waste Disposal Paul Humphreys
Introduction • Gas generation is a fundamental issue in radioactive waste disposal • Direct impact on: • Waste processing and packaging • Facility design • Radionuclide release • Nature and extent of gas generation depends on type of waste and the facility
Methylated Gases • 14C & 3H labelled Gases Gas Generation Issues • Release of Radioactive Gases • Gas Generation • Engineering Impacts • Groundwater Impacts
Mechanisms MIC Hydrogen Generation Hydrogen Generation Polymer Degradation
Routes to Gas Generation Soluble Intermediates Polymeric Waste Components Gas (CH4, CO2, H2S) Microbial/ Chemical/ Radiolytic Degradation Cellulose IX Resins Microbial Metabolism Plastics/ Rubber Metals Corrosion H2
Disposal Facilities • PCM • 14C • 222Rn
Geological Disposal • International agreement • Multi-barrier concept of disposal • LLW, ILW & HLW
Exposure Routes • Dose assessments calculated • Based on travel time back to surface • Scenario approach
Safety Cases • Radioactive waste disposal sites are evaluated via a safety case • Includes risk assessment modelling based on exposed dose • 10-6 yr-1 • Safety cases produced throughout the lifetime of a repository • Gas generation issues need to be integrated into a safety case. • Gas generation modelling
Gas Generation Models • GRM • LLWR • GAMMON/SMOGG • UK NIREX/NDA • T2GGM • Canadian DGR
Model Components Soluble Intermediates Polymeric Waste Components Transport Gas (CH4, CO2, H2S) Microbial/ Chemical/ Radiolytic Degradation Cellulose IX Resins Microbial Metabolism Plastics/ Rubber Metals Corrosion H2
Hydrogen Processing • Processing of H2 has a major impact on model out puts • Access to CO2 key issue
Hydrogen Metabolism • Controlled by corrosion rate • 3 TEA processes • H2 + 2Fe(III) 2Fe(II) + 2H+ • 4H2 + SO42‑ + 2H+ H2S + 4H2O • CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O • Hydrogen metabolism key process in controlling repository pressure • 4H2 = 1H2S or • 4H2 +1CO2 =1CH4
UK SMOGG Modelling • Illustrative calculated results for net rates of gas generation from UILW in higher strength rocks for the 2004 Inventory • H2 dominates • CO2 assumed to be unavailable due to cement carbonation
Geological Setting DGR located in low permeability argillaceous limestone
Waste Disposal • 200,000 m3 of LLW & ILW • No HLW or spent fuel
Oxygen consumed (in a few years) Water starts to seep into repository Water aids corrosion and degradation of wastes Gas pressure increases Water is forced out into surrounding rock mass Bulk and dissolved gases slowly migrate out into shaft and rock mass Small quantities of dissolved gas (and no bulk gases) reach biosphere over 1 Ma timescales Normal Evolution
Peak pressure 7 – 10 MPa(Repository horizon: 7.5 MPa, Lithostatic 17 MPa) Methane is the dominant gas Repository does not saturate over 1 Ma timescale Results Pressure • Wide range of calculation cases considered • Including shaft failure cases Saturation • Peak pressure 7 – 10 MPa(Repository horizon: 7.5 MPa, Lithostatic 17 MPa) • Methane dominant gas • Repository does not saturate over 1 Ma timescale
Water Limitation and Humidity Geosphere TOUGH 2 Corrosion and microbial processes slow as humidity decreases from 80% to 60% Unsaturated Gas Pressure Seepage Saturated Corrosion and microbial processes stop <60%
Key Assumption • Availability of CO2 in a cementitious repository • Major impact on overall gas volumes • Fate of waste derived carbon dioxide • Fate and transport of 14C another area of uncertainty
14C Story • Substantial quantities of 14C generated in nuclear power reactors • Present in irradiated metal and graphite • Chemical form and chemical evolution major impact on transport. • The release of volatile 14C is assumed to be in the form of methane
Biosphere Reduced Dose Dose Calculation CH4 CO2 ` Geosphere Near-Field ? CH4 14C Gas ? ? Release Release Groundwater