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Open questions as regards the protection of the environment in the Mediterranean Sea

Open questions as regards the protection of the environment in the Mediterranean Sea University of Milano-Bicocca , 6 march 2012 Lucien Chabason, President of the Blue Plan Member of the scientific and technical committee, FPA2.

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Open questions as regards the protection of the environment in the Mediterranean Sea

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  1. Open questions as regards the protection of the environment in the Mediterranean Sea University of Milano-Bicocca , 6 march 2012 Lucien Chabason, President of the Blue Plan Member of the scientific and technical committee, FPA2

  2. The Mediterranean sea: classical environmental problems/emerging issues • Despite their seriousness,global issues related to the marine environment should not lead to neglecting classical policies • As a consequence, governance of the Mediterranean Sea should be reshuffled with a view of properly adressing new challenges in an integrated approach 2

  3. Continuous/Increasing pressures at the regional and local levels 3

  4. Demography Indice de fécondité Population des pays méditerranéens, en million d’habitants 4

  5. 5

  6. Littoralisation 6

  7. Tourism • Purveyor of employment and foreign currencies • Highly vulnerable to downturns • 40% of touristic arrivals by plane, 52% terrestrial • Seasonal concentration still important • Few development apart from coastal areas • Trend of receipts of the international tourism per tourist, • 1970-2007 (US dollars) • 275 million international visitors • 30% of the world’s international tourism 7

  8. Industrial pollution • Northern countries more proficient in matters of pollution sources monitoring than Southern basin • General parameters more monitored than hazardous substances Production of energy Manufacture of metals Manufacture of cement Oil refining 4 sectors responsible for the highest emissions of hazardous substances Distribution of releases of BOD from point sources in the Mediterranean region ,2003 (kg/an) Oil refining, Food packing, Farming of animals Responsible of 87% of regional BOD emissions 8

  9. Transportation • 30% of the total final energy consumption • 20 % of the total CO² emissions in 2005 but growth of 65% in the SEMCs • Steady growth of road and air transport since the 1990s • 50% rise in the capacity in the Mediterranean harbours Container traffic in Mediterranean harbours, 2005 (TEU) 9

  10. Classical features of marine environment degradation remain a matter of concern (despite recent improvement) 10

  11. Pollution from ships Trend in distribution of accident types and released quantities (releases above 700 tonnes ), 1977-2007, (tonnes) 11

  12. 12

  13. 13

  14. Pollution from cities Citieswith or withoutwastewatertreatment plaint 14

  15. Heavy metals 15

  16. Eutrophication 16

  17. Erosion of biodiversity 17

  18. Fisheries 18

  19. Recent and / or emerging issues 19

  20. Aquaculture 20

  21. Offshore oil drilling activities 21

  22. Introduction of non-indigeneous species 22

  23. Desalinization 23

  24. Climate change and the Mediterranean Sea Seatemperaturerising • Observedtemperatures : cf. 1979 - 2003 24

  25. Comparaison des températures (en °C) et des précipitations (en %) actuelles avec celles projetées pour 2100 25

  26. The future of deltas 26

  27. Climate change and coastal tourism 27

  28. Climate change and fresh water 28

  29. Need for research on ecological changes due to climate change (acidification, species migration …) 29

  30. Towards a new governance for the Mediterranean Sea • Integrating regional bodies activities (MAP, GFCM, IUCN, ICCAT…) • Bridging the implementation gap of the Barcelona Convention and protocols • Strengthening national capacities with the support of the European Union • Increasing the level of investments for the protection of the marine environment 30

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