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Digestive System

Learn about the digestive system's functions such as food ingestion, breakdown, absorption, and waste elimination. Explore the gastrointestinal tract's structures, movement of digestive materials, and the physiology of the small and large intestines.

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Digestive System

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  1. Digestive System Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 15

  2. Digestive System Function • Ingest Food • Break down food into small molecules that can cross cell membranes • Nutrient absorption • Eliminate nondigestible wastes

  3. Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract • Direct path between organs • Structures included: • Mouth • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Small intestine • Large Intestine • Rectum

  4. Digestive (GI) Tract

  5. Action Terms of Digestive (GI) Tract • Ingestion • Occurs when material enters via the mouth • Mechanical Processing • Crushing / Shearing – makes material easier to move through the tract • Digestion • Chemical breakdown of food into small organic compounds for absorption • Secretion • Release of water acids, buffers, enzymes & salts by epithelium of GI tract and glandular organs • Absorption • Movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins & water across digestive epithelium • Excretion • Removal of waste products from body fluids

  6. Digestion • Digestive Enzymes • Break molecular bonds in large organic molecules • Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids • In a process called hydrolysis • Are divided into classes by targets • Carbohydrases break bonds between simple sugars • Proteases break bonds between amino acids • Lipases separate fatty acids from glycerides

  7. Histological Structure of the Digestive (GI) Tract

  8. Movement of Digestive Materials • There are muscular layers of digestive tract • Consist of smooth muscle • Along digestive tract: • PERISTALSIS - rhythmic cycles of activities • Consists of waves of muscular contractions • Controlled by pacesetter cells • Cells undergo spontaneous depolarization • Triggering wave of contraction through entire muscular sheet

  9. Peristalsis

  10. Mouth & Pharynx • Sensory analysis • Of material before swallowing • Mechanical processing • Through actions of teeth, tongue, and palatal surfaces • Adding Fluids • Mixing with mucus and salivary gland secretions • Limited digestion • Of carbohydrates and lipids

  11. Esophagus • A hollow muscular tube • About 25 cm (10 in.) long and 2 cm (0.80 in.) wide • Secretes mucus • Conveys solid food and liquids to the stomach • If acid from the stomach backs up it causes “heartburn”.

  12. Stomach • Major Functions of the Stomach • Storage of ingested food • Breakdown of ingested food • Disruption of chemical bonds in food material by acid and enzymes • Produce Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) to kill bacteria • Production of intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine

  13. Gastric Anatomy

  14. Digestion in the Stomach • Stomach performs preliminary digestion of proteins by pepsin • Some digestion of carbohydrates (by enzyme amylase) and lipids (by enzyme lipase) • Stomach contents • Become more fluid • pH approaches 2.0 • Pepsin activity increases • ***Although digestion occurs in the stomach, nutrients are not absorbed there

  15. Small Intestine • 90% of absorption occurs in the small intestine

  16. Small Intestine • The Duodenum • The segment of small intestine closest to stomach • “Mixing bowl” that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver • Neutralizes acids before they can damage the absorptive surfaces of the small intestine

  17. Small Intestine • The Jejunum • Is the middle segment of small intestine • 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) long • Is the location of most • Chemical digestion • Nutrient absorption

  18. Small Intestine • The Ileum • The final segment of small intestine • 3.5 meters (11.48 ft) long • Ends at the ileocecal valve, a sphincter that controls flow of material from the ileum into the large intestine • Intestinal Absorption takes about 5 hours for materials to pass from duodenum to end of ileum

  19. Small Intestine

  20. Large Intestine • Is horseshoe shaped • Extends from end of ileum to anus • Lies inferior to stomach and liver • Frames the small intestine • Also called large bowel • Is about 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long and 7.5 cm (3 in.) wide

  21. Large Intestine Functions • Reabsorption of water • Compaction of intestinal contents into feces • Absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria • Storage of fecal material prior to defecation

  22. Parts of Large Intestine • The Cecum • Is an expanded pouch • Receives material arriving from the ileum • Stores materials and begins compaction • Appendix • Is a slender, hollow appendage about 9 cm (3.6 in.) long • Is dominated by lymph tissue

  23. Parts of Large Intestine • The Colon • Has a larger diameter and thinner wall than small intestine • The wall of the colon • Forms a series of pouches (haustra) • Haustra permit expansion and elongation of colon

  24. Parts of Colon

  25. Physiology of the Large Intestine • Absorption in the Large Intestine • Reabsorption of water • Reabsorption of bile salts • In the cecum • Transported in blood to liver • Absorption of vitamins produced by bacteria • Absorption of organic wastes

  26. Physiology of the Large Intestine Three Vitamins Produced in the Large Intestine • Vitamin K (fat soluble): • Required by liver • Biotin (water soluble): • Important in glucose metabolism • Pantothenic acid: B5 (water soluble): • Required for hormones and neurons

  27. Physiology of the Large Intestine • Organic Wastes • Bacteria break down peptides in feces and generate • Ammonia, Indole & skatole, hydrogen sulfide • Bacteria feed on indigestible carbohydrates (complex polysaccharides)

  28. Rectum • The Rectum • Forms last 15 cm (6 in.) of digestive tract • Is expandable for temporary storage of feces • Movement of fecal material into rectum triggers urge to defecate • The Anus is the exit orfice

  29. Accessory Digestive Organs • Organs that are not part of the pathway but aid in the digestion and absorption process • Includes: • Pancreas • Liver • Gall Bladder

  30. Pancreas • Lies posterior to stomach • From duodenum toward spleen • Functions of the Pancreas • Secrete - insulin and glucagon into bloodstream • Exocrine cells: - cells of duct system secrete an array of enzymes

  31. Liver

  32. Liver • Hepatocytes • Are liver cells • Adjust circulating levels of nutrients • As blood flows through • Hepatocytes absorb solutes from plasma • And secrete materials such as plasma proteins

  33. Liver Function The Physiology of the Liver • Metabolic regulation • Hematological regulation • Bile production Bile – aids in the digestion of lipids

  34. Liver Function • Metabolic Regulation • The liver regulates: • Composition of circulating blood • Nutrient metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid & amino acid) • Waste product removal • Vitamin Storage (A, D, E & K) • Nutrient storage (iron) • Drug inactivation

  35. Liver Function • Hematological Regulation • Largest blood reservoir in the body • Receives 25% of cardiac output • Functions of Hematological Regulation • Synthesis of plasma proteins • Removal of circulating hormones • Removal of antibodies • Removal or storage of toxins • Synthesis and secretion of bile

  36. Liver

  37. Gallbladder • Is a pear-shaped, muscular sac • Stores and concentrates bile prior to excretion into small intestine • Is located on the posterior surface of the liver’s right lobe • The Cystic Duct • Extends from gallbladder • Union with common hepatic duct forms common bile duct

  38. Ducts

  39. Gallbladder • Functions of the Gallbladder • Stores bile • Releases bile into duodenum, but only under stimulation of hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) • Fatty diets can cause gallstones

  40. Fetal Pig Anatomy • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RWsQvlT3bo

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