Classification

1. Classification Focus ?? Using information from class, do you believe the classification system will remain the same? WHY or WHY NOT??

2. Classification: • A way to organize objects or group objects in a logical manner • according to their characteristics and evolutionary history. • Grouping similar objects together • Ex. • Grocery store – fruit, meat, cereal are grouped • Shoe dept. – sneakers: running, cross training, basketball etc…

3. Reasons to classify: • Universal • Easier to find • Provide information about the organism • Avoid mistakes

4. Taxonomy • study of classification

5. Taxonomists: • Scientists who classify organisms:

6. Taxonomists: • Aristotle – 3 main groups: • air, land, water, • he also grouped plants into three categories, based on differences in their stems.

7. Taxonomists: • Linnaeus: • developed 7 levels of classification • grouped organisms into hierarchical categories • used an organism’s morphology: its form and structure, to categorize

8. Linnaeus Cont.: • Linnaeus’s categorization scheme used a hierarchy. • Seven levels of organization, • each more specific than the last, • allowed organisms to be grouped with similar organisms.

9. Linnaeus’ Classification Sys.

10. Modern day classification system: • Uses 7 taxonomic categories ( developed by Linnaeus): • Each level is called a Taxon • The levels are: • Kingdom – largest category • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus – a group of similar species • Species – most specific category,

11. Species: • Might tell: 1. What it looks like 2. How it tastes or smells 3. Where it’s found 4. Who discovered it

13. STOP!!! CK POINT!! Topic: Intro to Classification Date: 4-20-09 • What is the goal of classifying organisms? • Who the 2 taxonomists who are given credit for shaping taxonomy and classifying organisms? • What did each taxonomist contribute to the classification system?

14. In your packet: • Turn to page 121-122 in the packet • Get a whale text book, ch.17 • Begin answering questions • DO NOT FORGET HMWK DUE WED!!!!

15. Binomial Nomenclature: • 2 word naming system (scientific name) • Latin, same in every language…universal • 1st word – genus: identifies a group, capitalized • 2nd word – species: share characteristics and reproduce among one another producing fertile offspring • Both are underlinedor italicized • Ex. 1. Acer rubrum Maple Red = red maple tree 2. Acer saccharum Maple sugar = sugar maple trees

16. Phylogenic tree: • To classify organisms, modern taxonomists consider the phylogeny (fie-LAHJ-uh-nee), or evolutionary history, of the organism • Shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms • Based on several lines of evidence • Fossil record may provide the basis/framework of a phylogenic tree

18. Modern Classification System Evolutionary Classification: • Grouping organisms based on evolutionary descent or common ancestors • Not limited to physical similarities • Show relationships based on genetic similarities

19. Taxonomists use: 1. Homologous structures – similar structures, similar development, function is different • Ex. Bird wing and the human arm

20. Taxonomists use: 2. Analogous structures – structures appear similar, function similar, different development • Ex. Bird wing and the wing of a butterfly

21. Cladogram: • diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms based on shared derived characteristics • a type of tree showing evolutionary relationships • begin at the bottom and move up • the further away from a common ancestor, the more different their genes

22. derived character –ADD TO NOTES • Cladistics uses certain features called shared derived characters, • a feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration.

24. Modern Classification System Cont. • Separated into 3 Domains: • Bacteria- Eubacteria • Archaea - Archaebacteria • Eukarya (eukaryotes) - includes protests, fungi, plants, and animals

25. 3 domains: are separates into 6 kingdoms: • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protists • Fungus • Plant • Animal • Vertebrates • Invertebrates

26. Organism are placed into kingdoms… Organism are placed into kingdoms… • Divided by the following characteristics: • Presence of nucleus • Single or multi celled • Ability to make own food • Ability to move

27. Kingdom1. Arachaebacteria: : • Unicellular • Some movement • Some make own food = • Some obtain food • from environment = • No nucleus present • Live in hostile environment like Heat, pH

28. Kingdom: 2. Eubacteria: • Unicellular • Some movement • Some make own food = • Some obtain from environment = • No nucleus present Bacilli (rod), cocci (spherical), spirilla (spiral)

29. 3. Protista: • Unicellular or multi-cellular • some move • some make own food • some obtain food from environment • contain a nucleus

30. 4. Fungi • Some are Unicellular • Most are multi-cellular • Do not move • All fungus obtain food from environment =

31. 5. Plants • Multi-cellular • Do not move • Make own food = • 2 types: • Tracheophytes • Bryophyte

32. Bryophytes • No true roots, • No true leaves • No true stems • No vascular tissue • ex. mosses

33. Tracheophytes • true roots, • True leaves, • True stems • have vascular tissue

34. 6. Animal • Multi-cellular • Move • Obtain food • from environment-

35. Organisms in each kingdom are then classified into the remaining 6 Levels: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, specie

36. Dichotomous Keys: • Also called a field guide, & taxonomic key • Use descriptions about external features to help identify the name of the organism • Arranged with 2 statements describing the organism

37. Dichotomous Keys Cont: • Using the key gives you the binomial nomenclature (2 word name): genus and specie of the organism • Identifies specific organisms