Europe since World War II and the Way to European Union by Satin Soonthornpan Faculty of Political Science Ramkhamhaeng

1. Europe since World War II and the Way to European Union by Satin Soonthornpan Faculty of Political Science Ramkhamhaeng University

3. Patterns of EU Enlargement • Horizontal Integration • Vertical Integration

4. Step towards European Integration • Free Trade Area (EFTA) • Customs Union (EEC; EC-Turkey) • Common Market (EC) • Monetary Union (Euro-Zone) • Political Union (EU)

5. Vertical Integration • 1952 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) • 1957 by Treaty of Rome -- European Economic Community(EEC) -- Euratom • 1968 EC moved to Custom Union • 1970 European Political Cooperation (EPC)

6. Vertical Integration (2) • 1979 European Parliament (EP) -- Direct Elections • 1979 European Monetary System (EMS) • 1992 Single European Market (SEM) • 1993 Masstricht Treaty – European Union (EU)

7. The Pillar Structure EU 1st Pillar EC 2nd Pillar CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy) 3rd Pillar JHA (Justice and Home Affairs) supranational intergovernmental

8. The European Union The European Communities (EC) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) • Cooperation between judicial authorities in civil and criminal law • Police cooperation • Combating racism and xenophobia • Fighting drugs and the arms trade • Fighting organised crime • Fighting terrorism • Criminal acts against children, trafficking in human beings • EC • Customs union and single market • Agricultural policy • Structural policy • EMU, ECB, “Euro” • New or amended provisions on: • EU citizenship, Health • Education and culture • Trans-European networks • Consumer protection • Research and environment • Social policy • Asylum policy • External borders • Immigration policy • Euratom • ECSC • Foreign Policy • Cooperation, common positions and measures • Peacekeeping • Human rights • Democracy • Aid to non-member countries • Security policy • Drawing on the WEU: questions concerning the security of the EU • Disarmament • Financial aspects of defence • Long-term: Europe’s security framework Supranational Intergovernmental

9. Vertical Integration (3) • 1999 Amsterdam Treaty • 2000 Nice Treaty • 2002 The euro replaces twelve national currencies (there are currently 15 countries in Eurozone)

10. 2005 – Big step for the EU

11. Treaty of Lisbon 2007 • A more democratic and transparent Europe • Efficient and modern institutions • A Europe of rights and values • The Europe in the World

12. Internal Impact (1) • Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) • CFSP – strengthen the forces within the EU • Democratisation of decision making at the EU level and more transparency

13. Internal Impact (2) • Intensification of existing connections, more trade and cultural exchange • The “old” member states will benefit as well

14. Enlargement History (1) • 1952: Treaty of Paris, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) enters into force (6 founding States: BeNeLux, France, Germany, Italy) • 1973: Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the EC • 1981 Greece joins the EC

15. Enlargement History (2) • 1986: Portugal and Spain join to the EC • 1995: Finland, Sweden and Austria join to the EU • 1999 Amsterdam Treaty • 2000: European Council in Nice • adoption of a revised Treaty on European Union (the Nice Treaty - into force on 1 February 2003) • decision to enlarge the EU in May 2004 from 15 to 25 Members

16. Accession Criteria for the 5th Enlargement In order to join the Union, the acceding countries need to fulfill the economic and political conditions known as the “Copenhagen criteria”, according to which a prospective member must: 1. be a stable democracy, respecting human rights, the rule of law, and the protection of minorities; 2. have a functioning market economy; 3. adopt the common rules, standards and policies that make up the body of EU law.

17. After Copenhagen • Madrid Conference • “Agenda 2000” -- Acquis Communataire • The First Official Negotiation in London • Accession Treaty

18. The 5th Enlargement • 10 of these countries - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia joined on 1st May 2004.

19. The 5th Enlargement : Basic Facts From EU-15 to EU-25 : an increase of • 20 % in population • 75 m. people, of which 39 m. in Poland • 5 % in economic product • about the same size as Netherlands • 23 % in area • 30 % in agricultural land • 50 % in agricultural workforce

20. 10 Member States PopulationAreaGDP per head million thousand km2percent of EU-15 Estonia 1.4 45 42 Latvia 2.4 65 35 Lithuania 3.5 65 39 Poland 38.2 313 39 Czech Republic 10.2 79 60 Slovakia 5.4 49 47 Hungary 10.2 93 57 Slovenia 2.0 20 74 Malta 0.4 0.3 55 Cyprus 0.8 9 72

21. Dates of Application for EU membership • Turkey 14 April 1987 • Cyprus 3 July 1990 • Malta 16 July 1990 • Hungary 31 March 1994 • Poland 5 April 1994 • Romania 22 June 1995 • Slovak Rep. 27 June 1995 • Latvia 13 October 1995 • Estonia 24 November 1995 • Lithuania 8 December 1995 • Bulgaria 14 December 1995 • Czech Rep. 17 January 1996 • Slovenia 10 June 1996

22. Successful Referenda March 8th - Malta: 53.6% yes March 23rd - Slovenia: 89.6% yes April 12th - Hungary: 83.76% yes May 10th, 11th - Lithuania: 91.4% yes May 16th 17th - Slovakia: 92.46% yes June 8th - Poland : 77.45% yes June 13th, 14th - Czech Republic : 77.33% yes September 14th - Estonia : 66.92% yes September 20th, Latvia: 67% yes Total YES votes : 25 1/2 million

23. 2007 Enlargement • Bulgaria and Romania in 2007,bringing the EU's total population to nearly 500 million. • Croatia and Macedonia expected to join around 2010-2012 • Turkey is currently negotiating its membership. • What’s next?

24. Problems: • No sufficient legal security • No timely and correct implementation of laws • Widespread corruption (“bad governance”)