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CHAPTER 18

CHAPTER 18. Classification of living things. CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS. Taxonomy- the science to classifying organisms How do we use taxonomy in our everyday life? SUPERMARKET-

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CHAPTER 18

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  1. CHAPTER 18 Classification of living things

  2. CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS Taxonomy-the science to classifying organisms How do we use taxonomy in our everyday life? SUPERMARKET- How would you go about finding the Edam Cheese? What ways would you classify it? Start at the most basic and get more specific?

  3. WAYS TO CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS How they obtain food? AUTOTROPH- produces its own food HETEROTROPH- has to consume food from outside sources

  4. WAYS TO CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS Number of Cells UNICELLULAR- contains only one cell MULTICELLULAR- has many cells

  5. WAYS TO CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS Does it have specific cell parts NUCLEUS PROKARYOTE- is lacking a nucleus EUKARYOTE-has a true nucleus

  6. WAYS TO CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS Does it have specific cell parts? CELL WALL Can be made of CELLULOSE (plants), CHITIN (fungi) or PEPTIDOGLYCAN (eubacteria), S- Layer (archaebacteria)

  7. WAYS TO CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS Make a table that looks like the following

  8. ARCHAEBACTERIA Single cell No nucleus Are AUTOTROPHS and HETEROTROPHS Cell wall of S- layer Live in extreme conditions- some can move example METHANOGENS live in swamps THERMOPHILES- live in hot springs

  9. EUBACTERIA Single cell No nucleus Are AUTOTROPHS and HETEROTROPHS Cell wall made of peptidoglycan Some can move Common bacteria- Staphylococcus aureus- found on our skin Clostridium tetani- causes tetanus E. coli- live in our intestines

  10. Protists Unicellular Contain a true nucleus Can be an autotroph or heterotroph Some can move Examples ALGAE AMOEBAS PARAMECIUM PLASMODIUM-

  11. FUNGI • Usually multicellular • Have a nucleus • Cell wall made of chitin • Are HETEROTROPHS- feed on dead organisms • Cannot move • Examples Mushrooms Yeasts- used in making bread Athlete’s foot-

  12. PLANTS Multicellular With a true nucleus- EUKARYOTE All are AUTOTROPHS Cell wall made of CELLULOSE- (starch) None can move EXAMPLES GYMNOSPERMS- plants that produce cones ANGIOSPERMS- plants that produce flowers

  13. ANIMALS Multicellular Have a nucleus (eukaryote) Are HETEROTROPHS Do not have a cell wall Can move about EXAMPLES VERTEBRATES- have a back bone INVERTEBRATES- lacking a back bone

  14. Taxonomy? How did we decide to name a species? Carolus Linnaeus – (1707-1778) devised a system of grouping and naming. He based this on the organisms morphology

  15. Before Linnaeus Some organisms could have names as long as 12-words. Linnaeus simplified the system of taxonomy into two words.

  16. How do we determine a species name? BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE- a two word system in which the first word is the GENUS name (always capitalized) and the second word is the SPECIES name (always small letters) **** always use italics when naming a species

  17. Levels of Classification Goes from most general to most specific!!!! KINGDOM- 6 PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES- 30-50 MILLION

  18. LION K- Animalia P-Chordata C-Mammalia O-Carnivora F-Felidae G-Panthera S-Panthera leo

  19. Humans K- Animalia P-Chordata C-Mammalia O-Primates F-Hominidae G-Homo S-Homo sapien

  20. YOUR ASSIGNMENT • CREATE A MNEUMONIC FOR THE ACRONYM TO REMEMBER THE PROPER ORDER

  21. Is a hippopotamus more closely related to a pig or to a whale? List 3 reasons to defend your answer.

  22. HIPPO WHALE Based on physical comparisons (particularly dental structure and number of toes) it was originally thought that hippos were most closely related to pigs but DNA analysis indicates that hippos are more closely related to whales!

  23. PHYLOGENY • the study of evolutionary history and relationships of organisms • Use more DNA now than morphology- • Can classify extinct species-

  24. Which pair is more closely related? A lizard/crocodile or bird/crocodile?

  25. Cladograms are used to… • Organize organisms based on evolutionary relationships (phylogeny). • In other words… who is related to who and where did we come from…

  26. Important Definitions Node: a branch point in a tree (a presumed ancestral OTU) Branch: defines the relationship between the taxa in terms of descent and ancestry (trait) Topology: the branching patterns of the tree Branch length (scaled trees only): represents the number of changes that have occurred in the branch Root: the common ancestor of all taxa Clade: a group of two or more taxa or DNA sequences that includes both their common ancestor and all their descendants

  27. Step 1 – Create a Venn Diagram • How many organisms are you comparing? • This number will equal the number of circles in your Venn diagram. • Now count the number of characters each organism has. • This will be the order that you place the organisms in the Venn Diagram.

  28. Venn Diagram Placenta: Human Mammary glands: Kangaroo & Human Two pairs of limbs: Bullfrog, kangaroo & Human Vertebrae: Shark, bullfrog, kangaroo & humans

  29. Step Two – Convert the Venn Diagram into a Cladogram Kangaroo Bullfrog Human Shark Placenta Mammary Glands Two pairs of limbs Vertebrae

  30. Systematics

  31. A CLADE is a group of organisms that come from a common ancestor.

  32. How to read a Cladogram • Species B and C each have characteristics that are unique only to them. • But they also share some part of their history with species A. This shared history is the common ancestor

  33. Look at the cladogram at the right. What conclusions can be drawn about the relationship between humans and chimps?

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