Leadership

1. Leadership Miss Samah Ishtieh

2. Outline * Learning Objectives * Introduction * Definition * Types of Leaders * Factors of Leadership * Leadership Traits * What is needed to be a good leader * Skills for a successful leader Miss Samah Ishtieh

3. Learning Objectives At the completion of the session participants should be able to: Identify the interrelatedness between leadership and management. Discuss skills and characteristics of a leader . Discuss issues and theories related to leadership . Miss Samah Ishtieh

4. Even in periods of recession, most organizations keep looking for better managers. Universities, corporations, hospitals, and governmental agencies constantly complain about their lack of effective “ leadership” and the difficulty of obtaining truly effective managers. Thus, there is a need to upgrade the managers, managerial and leadership capabilities. Introduction Miss Samah Ishtieh

5. Definition Leadership is the process of influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization. Miss Samah Ishtieh

6. Leadership is: The Process of directing the behavior of the others toward the accomplishment of objectives. Leader is any one who uses interpersonal skills to influence others to accomplish specific goals. Miss Samah Ishtieh

7. Leadership Ability to influence the beliefs opinions or behaviors of a person or group In order to be a leader, you must have followers Effective leadership does not assure good management skills. All good managers are also good leader; but, a person who is a good leader may not manage well. Miss Samah Ishtieh

8. What is leadership? Leading people يقود الناس Influencing people يؤثر في الناس Commanding people يشرف عليهم Guiding people يرشد ويوجه الناس Miss Samah Ishtieh

9. What is Leadership? ‘Leadership exists when someone (the leader) exercises influence over others (the followers) in their group or organisation. Their influence may be wide-ranging or narrowly focused but within formal organisations they particularly emphasise: values that are espoused; directions in which development are guided; and the manner in which every day tasks are accomplished’. Source: Dawson, S (1996) Analysing Organisations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Miss Samah Ishtieh

10. key components to this definition: An interpersonal process between one person and a group Can’t have ‘leaders’ without ‘followers’ Criterion for effective leadership = goal achievement. Miss Samah Ishtieh

11. Types of Leaders Leader by the position achieved Leader by personality, charisma Leader by moral example Leader by power held Intellectual leader Leader because of ability to accomplish things Miss Samah Ishtieh

12. Factors of Leadership: The led: followers you are responsible for leading. The leader: who you are, what you know, what you can do. The situation: all situations are different. Communications: the exchange of information and ideas between one another. Miss Samah Ishtieh

13. Leadership Traits Interested in group's concerns while sensitive to individual needs. Aware of current social and political situations. Good communicator and group interaction skills. Patient, creative and flexible. Decisive when necessary ( حاسم). Miss Samah Ishtieh

14. Leadership Traits Promotes consensus, compromise and trade -offs. Integrates a variety of different perspectives. Miss Samah Ishtieh

15. Leadership Traits Intelligence More intelligent than non-leaders Scholarship Knowledge Being able to get things done Physical Doesn’t see to be correlated Personality Verbal facility Honesty Initiative Aggressive Self-confident Ambitious Originality Sociability Adaptability Miss Samah Ishtieh

16. What is needed to be a good LEADER? 2- Technical skills 1- Personnel skills 3- Established Methodology Miss Samah Ishtieh

17. Ability Leaders must demonstrate superior ability, whether it is technical or organizational. Skills for a successful leader: Miss Samah Ishtieh

18. 2. Credibility (المصداقية ) Leaders should know the “rules of the game”, the norms, expectations, and the values of the group to be supervised. Knowing the norms means being able to communicate. Miss Samah Ishtieh

19. 3. Representation and Buffering Nothing substantiates the position of the leader more than his ability to handle external relations. From the view of the subordinates, the leader is the link with the outside world, which directly relates to the management, salary increase and promotions. Miss Samah Ishtieh

20. 5. Insulation from other competing initiations The ideal position for leaders is one in which subordinates have no other conflicting initiations. العزل عن التلقين من الاخرين 4. Social Distance New leaders must successfully manipulate the social distance, the gap that separates them from their followers. Miss Samah Ishtieh

21. 6. Persistence (الاصرار) By persistence we mean simply repetition, clarity of command, self-confident dominance –being able to keep asking, talking, explaining, and demonstrating your ideas. 7. Practice Leaders gain their status and responsiveness by getting subordinates used to following their directions. Miss Samah Ishtieh

22. 8. Momentum (الزخم)Subordinates never want mindless or needless orders from managers who only want to demonstrate authority through commanding deference. Employees want reasonable autonomy. Miss Samah Ishtieh

23. 9. Charisma الهيبة: القدرة على الاقناع بدون جهد) )Many of us have observed articulate, persuasive leaders, proverbial salesmen who can talk reluctant others into accepting their proposal. This is what we call Charisma, which is an ability to persuade the others with ones ideas without exerting lots of efforts. Miss Samah Ishtieh

24. Seek to establish through mutual give-and-take a common understanding of the nature of the problem and the surrounding constraints. Agreement on the problem is an absolute prerequisite to motivating the search for solution. 10. Persuasion Miss Samah Ishtieh

25. 11- Coaching (التدريب) Effective leaders keep urging on key subordinates to keep fighting, to keep pushing against time to pretend that every one else will be on time, to seek equally satisfactory alternatives when the original plans are no longer feasible. Miss Samah Ishtieh

26. 12- Incentives and Motivation Social scientists have found that employees are most responsive to incentives that don’t depend on a powerful boss’s bestowing them as upon dependent subordinates. Miss Samah Ishtieh

27. Define the task Plan Brief / communicate Control Evaluate Motivate Organize A leader needs to:- • Set an example • Set a direction • Align peoples’ efforts • Bring out the best in people • Act as a change agent • Handle uncertainty & crises Miss Samah Ishtieh

28. Qualities of Leader :- He/she must personify the key qualities required in your field (technically competent) يجسد Enthusiasm الحماسه Integrity (required to generate trust) السلامة لتوليد الثقة Toughness, fairness and being demanding الصلابة Warmth, humanity and tact الكياسة Humility (arrogance means you don’t learn) التواضع Miss Samah Ishtieh

29. Seven Qualities of a Strategic Leader Direction (purpose & aim of business) Strategic thinking (bridging the gap between now and future) Making it happen (details) Relating the whole to the parts Establishing allies & partners outside the business Releasing corporate energy Develop leadership in the others Miss Samah Ishtieh

30. To rally people for a better future.   لحشد If you are a leader, you better be bravely, unfailingly optimistic. No matter how bleak (miserable) your mood. Responsibility of Leaders: Miss Samah Ishtieh

31. Help people help themselves. Along with that optimism, great leaders can also bring big egos and that's not a bad thing, a big ego might be what is needed. Continue……… Miss Samah Ishtieh

32. Leadership Functions Task Function: A leader must concern with accomplishing a task by organizing others, planning strategy, and dividing labor. Social Emotional Function: He must also consider reducing tension, patching up disagreements, setting arguments and maintaining morale. Miss Samah Ishtieh

33. Notes for New Leaders General Advice Take advantage of the transition period Get advice and counsel Show empathy to predecessor Learn leadership Challenges Need knowledge quickly Establish new relationships Expectations Personal equilibrium Miss Samah Ishtieh

34. Types of Leadership Styles Miss Samah Ishtieh

35. Leadership Style • Democratic: manager defines limits; asks group to take decision. • Autocratic: manager makes decision and announces it • Consultative: manager sells decision. • Participative: manager presents problem, gets suggestions, make decision. • Laissez-faire: manager permits subordinates to function within limits defined by superior. Miss Samah Ishtieh

36. 1.Democratic Leadership Leadership style that assumes individuals are motivated by internal forces; leader uses participation and majority rule to get work done. • Involving subordinates in making work related decisions • Encourages decision making from different perspectives – leadership may be emphasised throughout the organisation. • May help motivation and involvement Miss Samah Ishtieh

37. Cont. Democratic Leadership Workers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas. Improves the sharing of ideas and experiences within the business. Can delay decision making. Miss Samah Ishtieh

38. Motivation. Quality. Acceptance. Advantages of Democratic Leadership Miss Samah Ishtieh

39. Time and energy. Loss of power. Lack of receptivity or knowledge. Problems of Democratic Leadership Miss Samah Ishtieh

40. Democratic Leadership Can be used: Creative work. Experienced and qualified subordinates. Who have the sense of responsibility. Decision makers. Miss Samah Ishtieh

41. 2. Autocratic Leadership A leadership style that assumes individuals are motivated by external forces; therefore, the leader makes all the decisions and directs the followers’ behavior. When a Leader Usually Trying to Sell a Preconceived Decision. Miss Samah Ishtieh

42. Autocratic Leadership Can be used: Under qualified subordinates. Those who don’t have the sense of responsibility. Large group with a predetermined performance standard. Emergency situations. Miss Samah Ishtieh

43. Autocratic Leadership Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone else High degree of dependency on the leader Can create de-motivation and alienation of staff May be valuable in some types of business where decisions need to be made quickly and decisively. Miss Samah Ishtieh

44. 3. Consultative: Process of consultation before decisions are taken Miss Samah Ishtieh

45. 4. Laissez-Faire: A leadership style that assumes individuals are motivated by internal forces and should be left alone to complete work, leader provides no direction or facilitation. ‘Let it be’ – the leadership responsibilities are shared by all Can be very useful in businesses where creative ideas are important Can be highly motivational, as people have control over their working life Miss Samah Ishtieh

46. Laissez-Faire:Cont. • Can make coordination and decision making, time-consuming and lacking in overall direction • Relies on good team work • Relies on good interpersonal relations

47. 5. Bureaucratic Leadership: A leadership style that assumes individuals are motivated by external forces; leader trusts neither followers nor self to make decisions and therefore relies on organizational policies and rules.

48. Theories of Leadership: I.Traditional Leadership Theories 1. Trait Theories 2. Style Theories 3. Contingency Theories Miss Samah Ishtieh

49. II. ‘New’ Leadership Theories Leaders = ‘Managers of Meaning’ Miss Samah Ishtieh Mrs. Raj'a Nayef Zyoud 49

50. ‘New’ Leadership Theories Transformational Leaders Goes beyond transactional leadership. Transformational leadership emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relationships. Do not accept the status quo Create a graphic and compelling vision of the future Act as role models Are often referred to as “tough” Miss Samah Ishtieh