World War I (aka…… WWI, The First World War, The Great War, The War to End All Wars)

1. World War I (aka…… WWI, The First World War, The Great War, The War to End All Wars)

2. EUROPE IN 1914 • Last major European war was Franco-Prussian War of 1871 • Germany defeated France, won Alsace-Lorraine region of France, France bitter • Germany is a new major power in the world • Britain & France feel threatened • In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia and Herzegovina. • Many inhabitants not happy; • Serbia wants Bosnia to join them NOTE – Turkey/Ottoman Empire = “The Sick-Man of Europe”

3. CAUSES OF WW I • M.A.N.I.A.C. • Militarism • Alliances • Nationalism • Imperialism • Assassination • Crisis

4. Militarism • Massive build-up of armed forces to deter rivals - “Intimidation” • a nation’s armed forces come to dominate its national policy • a glorification of the military and war itself Military displays to Show ‘The World’ The tank redefined warfare ARMY French/German desire to be #1. “My army is bigger than your army!!!” HMS Dreadnought Brt. #1 Navy

5. ALLIANCES • Signed treaties in which each nation involved pledges to defend one another if attacked. “Friends” “If one goes… they all go.” • Triple Entente: “The Allies” Britain, France, Russia • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy*** ***Note – In 1915 Italy joined the Allies

6. Nationalism – ‘Pride in ones country’ Irrational – Comes from the heart!! “Nations are like people: pride, jealousy, insults, revenge, do not forgive and forget.” • Pride and patriotism in one’s nation, belief in national identity. Austro-Hungarian Empire controlled several Slavic nations. - several (Bosnia) wanted out. - Serbia wanted to include Bosnia. - Austro-Hungarian nationalists wanted to crush the Serbs. THE BLACK HAND – Bosnian Serbs wanting to form a ‘Greater Serbia.” KEEP STATUS-QUO NEW POWER EXTREME NATIONALISM REVENGE VULNERABLE A CANADIAN EXAMPLE QUEBEC Bosnia SICK MAN OF EUROPE DESIRES LEADING TO WW I (Language, laws, religion)

7. IMPERIALISM – ‘Like Canada was to Britain’ • Domination by one country of the political, economic, and/or cultural life of another country or region. Due to Industrial Revolution of the 1800s, some European nations had a large portion of the world under their control. Empires became a show of strength. Countries competed for colonies around the world. Today’s Imperialism = Economic Became like a game- “My Dad is Bigger Than Your Dad”

8. ASSASSINATION - June 28, 1914: - Archduke Ferdinand & his wife were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip) while they visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.- Austria-Hungary was angry & blamed Serbia.- The Serb gov’t was not responsible but A-H saw its chance to declare war.- Russia (also a Slavic nation) backed the Serbs & declared war on A-H. Gavrilo Princip Serbian Nationalist Archduke Franz Ferdinand The ‘Crown Prince’ of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

9. CRISIS – The chain of events leading up to WW I • June 28: The Assassination. • July 6: Germany offers A-H Empire “Blank Cheque.” • July 23: A-H issues Serbia ultimatum. Assassination investigation / anti A-H supporters removed. • July 26: Russia mobilizes forces. • July 28: Break down of diplomacy / A-H declares war on Serbia • August 1: Germany declares war on Russia; France mobilizes army • August 3: Germany declares war on France (Schlieffen Plan – attack France, via Belgium, then focus on Russia) • August 4: Germany invades Belgium on way to France; Britain declares war on Germany

10. THE CHAIN OF FRIENDSHIP

11. TRIPLE ALLIANCE WORLD LEADERS ALLIES / TRIPLE ENTENTE ITALY Vittorio Emanuele Orlando Germany – Kaiser Wilhelm Canada PM Robert Borden United States -***1917 President Woodrow Wilson Austria-Hungary – Emperor Franz Joseph Great Britain PM David Lloyd George France PM Georges Clemenceau Russia Czar Nicholas II

12. CANADA’S RESPONSE • CANADA’S FOREIGN POLICY • =>British controlled “If Britain = war =>Canada = war” • “Ready, Aye Ready! • Aug. 4 @ 8:55pm, 1914 news reached Ottawa. • Cheering crowds • ‘Last Til Christmas’ / Be a ‘Hero’ • Bring French & English together????? • Truce between gov’ts / Total War • War Measures Act • Victory Bonds / Income Tax • Role of Women • Conscription Crisis / Consc. Objectors

13. CANADIAN BATTLES • BATTLE OF THE SOMME - July 1916 • - Canadians made a name for themselves • The Allies attacked Germ. @ The Somme R. in Fr. • Failure – Shelling did not destroy Germ defence. • Old Tactics vs machine guns. • continued ‘Old Tactics’ despite losses • 5 mo. = 13 km & 24 000 Can. lives BATTLE OF YPRES - April 22 1915. Can. Hit with Chlorine Gas => now banned 1 month = 6000 Can. Killed / wounded Poem “In Flanders Fields” • BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE – 1916 • - 1st time Can troops attacked together • - Can. Captured after years of attempts. • - a stunning victory. • 3500 dead / 7 000 wounded • created a National Pride & reputation. • PASSCHENDALE – Oct. 1917 • Gen. Currie on orders from Haig took town • of Passchendale at 15 000 Can lives. • Gained 7-8 km & Germ soon recaptured. • known for a ‘muddy mess.’

14. THE WAR ON LAND THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN Germany could not win A war on two fronts 1. Quickly through neutral Belgium => Paris, France. 2. Turn attention on Russia BASED ON TWO ASSUMPTIONS • Russia would be slow to mobilize. X • Britain = neutral X Note – Almost worked but German General beefed up south troops the Western Front = trench warfare and became a stalemate.

15. THE WESTERN FRONT TRENCH WARFARE After the Schlieffen Plan failed the front lines never moved more than 10 miles one way or another. The German plan was now to ‘bleed’ the enemy to death. Battle of Attrition No Man’s Land “Saps” – Listening Posts Trench Foot To this day bombs Are unaccounted for Gas attacks Chlorine Gas “Saps” Listening Posts NEW TECHNOLOGY VS. ATTRITION ??

16. THE WAR IN THE AIR & AT SEA AT SEA Canada’s small merchant marine ferried munitions and food to Britain. The biplane was used for Reconnaissanceand ‘Dog Fights’. IN THE AIR The Allies used convoys to protect goods from German U-boats. The German Sinking of the Lusitania and any other vessel in the War Zone brought the USA into the war. Billy Bishop flew in Brt. Royal Flying Corps. Credited with 72 kills => 5 = an “ace” Avg. life expectancy of a pilot was measured in weeks.

17. THE EASTERN FRONT 1914-17 Tsar Nicholas II in Russia was in trouble (see Russian Rev.) He hoped WW I would ^ morale. - WW I started well. - Soon Russia’s backwardness would be exposed. Russia’s army = 40,000 deserters / mo. He was overthrown & replaced by a Provisional Government. They continued The war & continued to lose March 1917 The people rebelled & turned to the Bolsheviks to be led by Lenin. Peace, Land, & Bread” Nov. 1917

18. THE OTHER FRONTS THE WAR IN ITALY Caporetto– Early Italian efforts failed. - High casualties. - Hard fought victory in Sept. 1918, - A-H surrendered in Oct. 1918. Gallipoli - Britain’s goal was to attack Turkey & then proceed through A-H. Austria Italy Did not work & high death toll Turned attention back to West. Front => Verdun & Somme GOAL – Establish another front on A-H Empire

19. THE END OF THE WAR TWO EVENTS THAT CHANGED THE WAR • RUSSIA’ S “PEACE & BREAD” (Russians tired of war) Czar Nicolas abdicates , provisional gov’t fails, & socialist Bolsheviks negotiate with Central Powers -> Treaty of Brest-Litovsk = Truce • U.S.A. ENTERS THE WAR – April2, 1917. “Lusitania” sunk & Germ. Promised support to Mexico Lenin RESULT THE HUNDRED DAYS CAMPAIGN – Allies crush Germans. - Germ. to win Western Front before USA arrives. -launch massive attack. - success until USA arrived (75 km from Paris) - Central Powers Collapse -> Armistice Nov. 11, 11:00am, 1918 Germ. Moves troops from Eastern Front to West .

20. END OF WW I Over 16 million deaths and 20 million wounded. Total number of deaths includes about 10 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians. The Entente Powers (the Allies) lost about 6.0 million soldiers while the Central Powers lost about 4.0 million. 2 million died from diseases 6 million missing, presumed dead. 2/3 of military deaths in World War I were in battle. Spanish flu, = one third of total military deaths Grand Total = 37 million.

21. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE SS 11 = Hi 12 = THE BIG THREE Clemenceau / Lloyd George / Wilson • REALISM vs. IDEALISM • PM BORDEN & CANADA = AUTONOMY • JAN. 1919 - CENTRAL POWERS & • RUSSIA NOT INVITED • Terms would be imposed • REALISM vs. IDEALISM • TREATY OF VERSAILLES CREATED Go easy Be harsh Hate Germany But trade partner??

22. TREATY OF VERSAILLES - June 28, 1919 • Laid out terms of peace for Germany • President Wilson proposed ‘14-Point Plan’ based on forgiveness • France and Belgium wanted Germany to pay THE WINNERS DICTATE THE TERMS WINNERS WRITE HISTORY ! THE TERMS - German “War Guilt Clause” - Reparations - $30 billion ($300+ billion today) Unable to meet payments - Germany loses land - German army limited to 100,000 soldiers - Not allowed U-boats or an air force - League of Nations formed

23. SELF DETERMINATIONWould become one of the most important of Wilson’s Recommendations.The people would choose where & who to live with. => A-H Empire = Gone!!! Europe 1914 Europe 1919 • PROBLEM AREAS => WW II • Sudeten Germans in Czech. • Poles in Czech. • Germans in Polish Corridor • Germans in Alsace-Lorraine Serbs & Croatians

24. Yugoslavia

26. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS • President Wilson’s idea • Similar to today’s United Nations • Collective Security – one country is attacked, others help defend it • Britain and France not enthused about League • Wanted to remain imperialistic • League popular with the public • Canada an independent member of League • Limitations • - Required co-operation Gutless • No military force, only • economic sanctions • Americans refused to join, • even though Wilson’s idea

27. LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT(RULES!!!!!) • A council to defend against external aggression • Arbitrator for disputes. • – no war for 3 mo.s after decision • C. Membership open to any self-governing state • D. Mandates – Look after weaker nations and former colonies. • - success here limited. Ie. Japan ruled like a dictator. • E. International Labour Office – Wages, hours, conditions, etc. • F. World Court – 15 judges but members were to opt in??? SUCCESSES - Controlled Danzig / Polish Corridor - 15 Yrs. In Saar Valley - Various other land disputes

28. THE LEAGUE’S FAILURES ITALIAN INVASION OF ETHIOPIA(ABYSSINIA) (1935) - Italy wanted to expand colony and entered Ethiopia. - Had the League imposed harsh sanctions Italy would have left. - Hoare-Laval Plan gave Italy most of the land. - Proved League useless. - Both Mussolini & Hitler used this as a test. • JAPANESE IN MANCHURIA • (1931) • - The League banned Japan • from Manchuria. • Japan entered anyways & • the League ignored it.

29. ISSUES TO EUROPE’S SECURITY • USA • Due to isolationism • did not join L.of Nat. • wanted payments • FRANCE • (Revenge/Safety/Compensation) • France stood alone: • USA = out, • Brt = Too harsh • Russia = own issues • 2. Reparation Payments • Fr. = Hurt Germ. & keep her weak • USA & Brt. = pay off war debts. • Germ. could not pay • Lost coal & steel in Ruhr • Protested with passive resistance • Massive inflation • Dawes & Young Plan – help Germ.pay • 3. The Maginot Line – Defence from Germany • Problems: Not in Belgium, WW I technology • 4. Treaties – Fr. Signed Little Entente (Czech., Romania, • Yugo.) Also with Belgium & Poland. • 5. All would lead to ‘Appeasement’ of WW II. GERMANY Military was defeated but due to Wilson’s “idealism” her power / industrial might remained. - Unhappy / Revenge??? Maginot Line = Protection Rhineland = Demilitarized OTHER PACTS Locarno(1925) - secure the west Kellogg-Briand – Denounced war Disarmament Conferences Washington – 1921 London – 1930 Geneva - 1932

30. FRENCH SECURITY Sharing a border with Germany and suffering the greatest losses in WW I, France wanted to punish the Germans and guarantee their safety.

31. THE TREATY SATISFIED NO ONE • The French wanted revenge, safety, compensation. • Britain wanted repayment but to keep Germany as economic partner => Buy British!!! • United States did not want to be involved in the affairs of Europe. => ISOLATIONISM • - Yet wanted debts paid back. • Italy storms out of conference. • Germany enraged at Peace done to them . Felt this was done to humiliate them. • Huge Reparations - $ worthless • Land taken - Unpopular Weimar