Paper 2 Living with the Human Environment

1. Paper 2 Living with the Human Environment Section A Urban Issues and Challenges (urban change, urban growth and sustainable urban development) NEE City Case Study – Rio de Janeiro Sustainable City - Freiburg HIC City - Portsmouth

5. Apply BUM to the question Decide on the PE/PEE/PEEL paragraphs, their type and number Decide on the points you want to make based on what you know Begin to write your answer Urban Issues and Challenges? Evaluate Exam question: Evaluate the effectiveness of (an) urban transport scheme(s) you have studied (9 marks + 3 SPaG) What is the command word to be boxed? What are the important words and keywords to be underlined? Based on the marks, how many and what sort of paragraphs should you write? effectiveness, urban transport scheme(s), studied 3 x PEEL paragraphs

6. Apply BUM to the question Decide on the PE/PEE/PEEL paragraphs, their type and number Decide on the points you want to make based on what you know Begin to write your answer Urban Issues and Challenges? sustainable, traffic congestion, traffic pollution Exam question: Evaluate the effectiveness of (an) urban transport scheme(s) you have studied (9 marks + 3 SPaG) What key words could you include? What cheeky facts could you include? What connectives should you include? 400 km of cycle paths; 30 km of tram lines; ‘bike and ride’ at railway stations; £20,000 parking space in one area On the one hand…on the other hand… As a result…

7. an integrated transport plan in which all transport options are linked together making them very efficient. the 30 km long tram network. a huge reduction in the use of cars and the growth of the use of trams, especially as fares are low and the tram connects with the bus routes. very effective at reducing traffic congestion, pollution and fossil fuel use. cycle lanes, bike parks and ‘bike and ride’ at railway stations. 400 km to be exact. cycling improves people’s health as well as not polluting the environment. Exam question: Evaluate the effectiveness of (an) urban transport scheme(s) you have studied (9 marks + 3 SPaG) P: Freiburg, SW Germany, has cut traffic congestion through… E: The most important form of transport in the city is … E: This has led to… L: Therefore, the integrated transport scheme has been… P: In addition, personal transport has been encouraged in the form of… E: There are many kilometres of cycle lanes,… E: This is socially and environmentally sustainable because… L: The cycle scheme is highly effective because… P: However, in addition to these ‘carrot’ (positive approaches)… E: These include… E: These aim to… L: Overall, the urban transport schemes used in Freiburg have… many people can get around without using a car. there are ‘stick’ ones (negative approaches) too. high parking space fees, such as £20,000 in one area! discourage people from owning and using a car so that they use public transport, but only rich people can afford to have a car. been highly effective at reducing unsustainable transport use.

8. OR……….

9. Apply BUM to the question Decide on the PE/PEE/PEEL paragraphs, their type and number Decide on the points you want to make based on what you know Begin to write your answer Urban Issues and Challenges? Evaluate Exam question: Evaluate the effectiveness of (an) urban transport scheme(s) you have studied (9 marks + 3 SPaG) What is the command word to be boxed? What are the important words and keywords to be underlined? Based on the marks, how many and what sort of paragraphs should you write? effectiveness, urban transport scheme(s), studied 3 x PEEL paragraphs

10. Apply BUM to the question Decide on the PE/PEE/PEEL paragraphs, their type and number Decide on the points you want to make based on what you know Begin to write your answer Urban Issues and Challenges sustainable, traffic congestion, traffic pollution Exam question: Evaluate the effectiveness of (an) urban transport scheme(s) you have studied (9 marks + 3 SPaG) What key words could you include? What cheeky facts could you include? What connectives should you include? London Congestion Charge, £11.50, 10% fewer cars Ultra-Low Emission Zone, £16.50 On the one hand…on the other hand… As a result…

11. the Congestion Charge. £11.50 to drive into the centre of the city. a reduction of ten per cent in the number of vehicles entering the centre, although taxis, buses, emergency vehicles and low-emission cars are exempt. there are fewer cars causing congestion, but not a huge number, although there would be many more otherwise. Ultra-Low Emission Zone in the city centre. £15.00 to drive into the centre of the city. fewer cars causing congestion and greater use of low-emission cars, walking, cycling and public transport. Exam question: Evaluate the effectiveness of (an) urban transport scheme(s) you have studied (9 marks + 3 SPaG) P: London is trying to reduce its traffic congestion through… E: This charges motorists… E: This has led to… L: The scheme has been partly effective because… P: In addition, London has introduced this year the… E: This charges motorists a further… E: This scheme will hopefully lead to… L: The scheme could be effective because… P: Schemes that charge motorists to enter the city centre are… E: Other strategies London uses are… E: These aim to… L: Overall, the Congestion Charge and ULEZ are… combined with the Congestion Charge, it could lead to a significant reduction in cars, congestion and pollution. the only one way to discourage car use and they ‘punish’ people for driving. improved cycle lanes, buses and Underground. encourage people to use public transport and healthier ways of getting around. effective, but to reduce traffic congestion a mixture of schemes to encourage people out of their cars is better.

12. Paper 2 Living with the Human Environment Section A The Changing Economic World (development, aid, closing the gap – tourism (Jamaica) globalisation and quality of life) NEE Case Study – Nigeria (work booklet) HIC City – UK (work booklet)

13. To what extent is the development gap a result of Physical factors [6 Marks]

14. On one hand - Physical Factors – How can weather and climate, in particular drought, affect the country’s ability to develop? Extreme drought – lack of rainfall – affect farmers being able to grow crops effectively – this will result in a poor crop yield – won’t have enough crops to sell and earn an income – won’t be able to afford to send children to school – they won’t be educated – further hindering their opportunity to get a job in the future – impacting on the country’s development ……. Or if the farmer is a commercial farmer and does not enough crops to sell - this will impact on the country’s overall GDP. But on the other hand – Human factors – How can trade, affect the country’s ability to develop? World trade dominated by HICs/NEEs/TNCs – they want the lowest prices for goods so they can achieve huge profits – LICs forced to sell raw materials at a low price – less money for the country – affects development of country as it is unable to grow – plus gap gets bigger as HICs get richer due to profits made. Overall – is it just physical factors? No – many factors influencing the development gap, not just physical factors such as ………. but human factors too, such as …………..also play a significant part.

15. On one hand, physical factors such as weather and climate can influence a country’s ability to develop. Extreme weather such as drought can result in a country being unable to grow crops efficiently. Poor crop yields mean that farmers are unable to earn enough money which means that they don’t earn enough money to send their children to school. As a consequence their children will not be able to get well paid jobs in the future hindering the country’s development further. However on the other hand, human factors such as trade can also affect a country’s ability to develop. Trade across the world is dominated by HICs and TNCs. These countries and companies want to buy raw materials for as little as possible so they can make the biggest profits. As a result LICs are forced to sell their produce for very low prices which means that the people in the LICs earn less resulting in less money being earnt by the government by taxes. Not only does this affect the ability of the LICs to develop but it also increase the development gap further as the HICs are able to make greater profits and as a consequence develop further. Overall, the development gap is hindered by a combination of many factors. Some of those factors are physical factors such as weather and climate, natural hazards, a lack of raw materials or the country being landlocked. There are also a number of human factors too influencing development such as trade, the political status of the country, historical reasons such as colonialism and how much debt the country has.

16. Paper 2 Living with the Human Environment Section A The Challenge of Resource Management (global resource management, resources in the UK, *food) Example – Sustainable Method to increase food supplies Rice Fish Farming, Jamalpur, Bangladesh (No 9 mark question in this section)

18. Example???? Sustainable???? – What does that mean? How is it increasing sustainable supplies of food?

19. Example???? – Rice Fish Farming, Jamalpur, Bangladesh Sustainable???? – meeting the needs of current generations without compromising future generations How is it increasing sustainable supplies of food? 1. Explain how it works – what is the strategy? 2. How is it sustainable? a. Rice yields increase – farmers can sell the extra rice grown and increase income – this is then reinvested back into their farms – used to buy more land – increase yields further - economically sustainable b. Local farmers educated on how to rice-fish farm – they teach other farmers – passed on through generations – local farmers work together - socially sustainable. c. Environmentally sustainable – minimal impact on the environment – no chemicals harming the environment – damaging ecosystems

20. I have studied rice-fish farming in Jamalpur, Bangladesh. It is an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable method of increasing food supplies and it meets the needs of current generations, without compromising the needs of future generations. The rice is grown in rice paddies and in the water surrounding the rice plants are fish. The two are mutually beneficial for each other as the fish eat the pests and insects on the plants, and provide nutrition for the plants to grow. The plants provide a good environment for the fish to swim in as they oxygenate the water. As a result of the fertilised water the Rice yields have increased. There is enough food to feed families both with the rice and the fish and farmers can sell the extra rice grown and increase their income. This money is then reinvested back into their farms and used to buy more land, increasing yields further. This is economically sustainable. Not only this, but local farmers are educated on how to rice-fish farm. As a result, hey teach other farmers and this is passed on through generations. Local farmers work together making rice fish farming socially sustainable. Finally, it also environmentally sustainable. RFF has minimal impact on the environment as no chemicals are used harming the environment and therefore damaging ecosystems.