IC 設計

1. IC設計 林永隆 清華大學 教授 創意電子 顧問 ylin@cs.nthu.edu.tw NTHU-YLL

2. Circuits • Interconnected Network of Devices • Resistors • Capacitors • Inductors • Diodes • Transistors • AC/DC Current/Voltage Sources NTHU-YLL

3. Transistors • BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) • FET (Field-Effect Transistor) • Junction FET • MOSFET (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) • PMOS • NMOS • CMOS (Complementary) NTHU-YLL

4. Gate Drain Source Transistor Usage • Signal Amplifier • Voltage-Controlled Switch NTHU-YLL

5. Hierarchy • Switches form gate (AND, OR, NOT) • Gates form module (Adder, Register) • Modules form subsystem (Processor, I/O) • Subsystems form system NTHU-YLL

6. IC (Integrated Circuits) • Discrete • SSI (Small Scale Integration) • MSI (Medium) • LSI (Large) • VLSI (Very Large) • ULSI (Ultra Large) NTHU-YLL

7. It all started with Moore’s Law • Number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 months • CPU performance doubles every 18 months • Memory density quadruples every 3 years • Fab cost doubles every generation • Wealth doubles every ??? NTHU-YLL

8. Intel Processors FollowMoore’s Law NTHU-YLL

9. K, M, G, and T • 1970 • K-bit RAM, KIPS processor, K-bps link • 1985 • M-bit RAM, MIPS processor, M-bps link • 2000 • G-bit RAM, GIPS processor, G-bps link • 2015? • Tera-bit RAM, TIPS processor, T-bps link NTHU-YLL

10. Pentium II NTHU-YLL

11. Relative Processor Size NTHU-YLL

12. A Blowfish Cipher The Outstanding Design Award, ASP-DAC-2000 NTHU-YLL

13. IC Conductors NTHU-YLL

14. IC Applications • Computing • PC, Servers, Peripherals • Communication • Telecom, Mobile Phone, Networking • Consumer • Auto, Game Console, DSC, CD/VCD/DVD, STB, HDTV, Home Networking, Toys • 3C Convergence • PDA, GPS, Information Appliance NTHU-YLL

15. IC Everywhere • Car: ECU, ABS, GPS, AV, Toll Collection • Home: Entertainment, Security, Education • Body: Hearing Aid, HB Regulator, Monitor • RF ID, Pico Radio (Last meter) • IC will Smarten Everything • Taiwan Imports more IC than Petroleum NTHU-YLL

16. Convergence Watch Mobile Phone Set Phone Wrist Watch Game PalmPilot Pet 快譯通 Video Conf. Tamagotchi ??? Clothes ??? TV SmartPen Radio WalkMan PDA NTHU-YLL

17. IC and Applications Make Possible More IC Capability Applications Demand More NTHU-YLL

18. IC Economics • 量大就是美 • Unit cost = NRE/Volume + Unit Manu Cost • Typical NRE: a few M USD • One 8” wafer ( = 300,000mm^2) contains 3,000 100mm^2 dies • Each wafer costs $2,000 to make • Chip price ranges from $3 to $300 • Design is the difference NTHU-YLL

19. IC Categories • Memory • SRAM, DRAM, ROM, FLASH • Processors • MPU, DSP, uC • Logic • Chip-set, Graphics • Analog • RF, IF, A/D, D/A • System-on-a-Chip (SOC) NTHU-YLL

20. System-on-a-Chip (SOC) RISC DSP RAM ROM Logic MPEG I/O MEMS RF Analog NTHU-YLL

21. Intel $25.81B NEC $9.216B Toshiba $7.594B Samsung $7.095B TI $7.095B Motorola $6.425B Hitachi $5.521B STMicro $5.080B Philips $5.065B Infineon $5.010B Top 10 Chip Companies in 1999 NTHU-YLL

22. IC Industry Segments IC Users IC Design Houses Manufacturing, Packaging, Testing Foundry EDA Vendor Library/IP Vendor NTHU-YLL

23. Terminology • Wafer • 6”, 8”, 12” • Die • Manufactured, Sawed wafer • Chip • Packaged die • Minimum Feature Size • 0.5um, 0.35um, 0.25um, 0.18um, 0.15um, 0.13um NTHU-YLL

24. Taiwan IDM • Winbond • Macronix (MXIC) • Holtek (Gone) • SiS (Coming) • HuaLon (?) NTHU-YLL

25. Taiwan Fabless IC Houses • PC Chip-set • SiS, VIA, Ali • Memory • ETRON, UTRON • Consumer • Sun-Plus, Myson, MediaTek • Network • Realtek, TOPIC NTHU-YLL

26. EDA Vendors • Cadence • Synopsys • Avant! • Mentor Graphics • SpringSoft NTHU-YLL

27. IC Design Process • Specification Definition • Front-end Design • Prototyping • Back-end Design • Verification • Test Generation • Characterization & QA NTHU-YLL

28. IC Design Objectives • Functionality • Area Efficiency • Performance (Speed) • Power Consumption • Testability • Manufacturability (Yield Enhancement) • Time-to-Market, -Volume, -Profit NTHU-YLL

29. Design Entry • Schematic Drawing • HDL Coding • Productivity Tool (e.g., DeBusy from SpringSoft) • Domain Specific (e.g., SPW) • MATLAB, FSM • Hardware/Software Codesign NTHU-YLL

30. Synthesis • Synthesis for Area, Speed, and Power, and Tradeoff • Design for Testability by Scan Insertion • Automatic Test Pattern Generation NTHU-YLL

31. Layout • Floorplanning • Placement • Routing • In-Place Optimization; ECO • Clock Tree Synthesis • Power Rail Synthesis • Compaction; Layout Migration NTHU-YLL

32. Simulation • Functional(RTL) Simulation • Logic (Gate-Level) Simulation • Pre-Layout Simulation • Post-Layout Simulation • Circuit Simulation • Power Simulation • Fault Simulation NTHU-YLL

33. Verification • Formal, Semi-Formal Verification of Functionality and ECO Change • Timing Verification; True Critical Path Identification; (Static Timing Analysis) • Crosstalk Noise Verification • Layout Verification NTHU-YLL

34. Layout Verification • Design Rule Checking(DRC) • Electrical Rule Checking(ERC) • Layout vs Schematic (LVS) • Antenna Rule Checking • Electrical Migration Checking • Metal Density Checking NTHU-YLL

35. Layout Extraction • Parasitic R, C, L • 2D, Quasi 2D, 3D Extraction • Extracted Parasitic Reduction • Delay Calculation; Noise Analysis • Back Annotation NTHU-YLL

36. VLSI Design Challenges • Complexity • Multi-Million X’tors (16M in P/S2 EE) • Mixed Digital/Analog/RF • Mixed Logic/Memory • Hardware/Software Co-design • Very Deep-Submicron Effect • Wire Delay Dominant, but unknown during front-end design stage NTHU-YLL

37. Facing the Challenges • New Design Methodology • Platform-Based • Reuse Silicon Intellectual Properties(IP) • Internet NTHU-YLL

38. Platform-Based Design IP IP IP IP Communication Backplane IP IP IP NTHU-YLL

39. IC Industry Segments IC User IC House Manufacturing Foundry Library Vendor IP Vendor IP Vendor IP Vendor Design Foundry & IP Outlet EDA Vendor NTHU-YLL

40. Notable IP Vendors • ARM, MIPS, DSP-Group, LSI Logic, IBM • Phoenix, Zoran, Virtual IP, Artisan • Tensilica, ARC Cores • UniChip, Faraday, SOTA NTHU-YLL

41. ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) • Chipless Chip Company • License CPU technology to semiconductor houses • $8M per core or $0.5M per design + $0.5 per chip royalty • Very popular in portable applications • Market cap > $20B NTHU-YLL

42. RAMBUS • High-Speed Protocol Between DRAM and Processor • Burns $100M over 7 years • Chipless, 3% royalty of all DRAM sale CPU DRAM NTHU-YLL

43. Global Unichip • Design Foundry with IP Offering • Top Design Talent • IP • JPEG Encoder, CODEC for DSC, Scanner, PC Cam • DSP • USB • Embedded Memory NTHU-YLL

44. IP Requirement • Competitive in functionality, size, power, or performance • Well Characterized (Silicon verified) • Integratable (Documents, executable models, confirmed to standards) • Test Strategy implementable by the SOC • Unambiguous boundary of responsibility NTHU-YLL

45. IP Enabler • Channels for small IP creators • One-stop shopping window for IC creators • Combining design service and IP vending NTHU-YLL

46. Star IP • Extremely low-power DSP, uP, uC • Media-processing cores (A/V, JPEG, MPEG…) • Up-and-coming mainstream interface cores (USB2.0, 1394, Networking…) • Very high density memory macros NTHU-YLL

47. Internet and IC Design • Distributed Collaboration • Distributed IP Library • Distributed EDA Resource NTHU-YLL

48. Today's Design Environment Design Data Tools IP Consulting Info. Service Industry News Company Expertise PC Networks & Office Automation Library Outside Resources NTHU-YLL

49. Today's Users • Buy Computers • Buy Software (Or Develop In-House) • Hire Supporting Staffs • Pay for Operation and Maintenance • Inflexible • Under Utilized or Overloaded NTHU-YLL

50. User's Concerns • Availability • Throughput, Turn-Around Time • Security • Cost NTHU-YLL