Successful Strategies for Teaching English Language Acquisition and Literacy Development

1. Successful Strategies for Teaching English Language Acquisition and Literacy Development Grades K-8 EECI Seminars 2008 www.eeciseminars.com Presented by Fay Shin, Ph.D. Professor California State University, Long Beach Department of Teacher Education fshin@csulb.edu

2. Introduction • In the U.S., one of the growing populations in school-aged students is English language learners (ELLs), showing an approximately 170 percent increase over the last two decades.

3. As a group, English language learners represent one the growing population groups in school-aged students in the U.S. Today there are 9.9 million students classified as English language learners in public schools, with roughly 5.5 million students classified as LEP by means of English proficiency assessment. Over 400 different languages are collectively spoken, though Spanish is the first language approximately 80 percent of these students.

4. By 2015, it is projected that 30 percent of the students in this nation will be English language learners, consisting of students who immigrated before kindergarten and children of immigrants who were born in the U.S.

5. Identify students’ English proficiency levels according to the required national, state or district ELD/ESL standards • National ESL Standards (TESOL): • Beginning (Level 1) • Intermediate (Level 2) • Advanced (Level 3)

6. Compare stages of language acquisition to identified ELD/ESL proficiency levels • Pre-production • Early production • Speech emergence Level 2 • Intermediate • Intermediate fluency Level 3 • Advanced Level 1 Beginning

7. Second language acquisition • A. Language is acquired when it is meaningful. • B. Comprehensible input is required. “ We acquire language when we understand the messages or obtain Comprehensible Input” (Krashen, 1988)

8. Sa gua

11. Order for ELD Instructional Medium • *Realia • *Photos • *Drawings • *Written Word • *Oral Word

12. “ We acquire language when we understand the messages or obtain Comprehensible Input” (Krashen, 1988)

13. Primary language vs. second language as a medium of instruction? • “time on task” theory

14. C. Affective variables relate to the success in second language acquistion. • 1. Affective variables: • Motivation • Self-confidence • Anxiety • 2. When teaching English language learners, teachers need to remember to keep the learner’s affective filter low

15. D. Academic Language • 1. Cognitively demanding and complex concepts need to be taught through sheltered instruction or SDAIE (Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English) • 2. Content area instruction provides challenging vocabulary and gives ELLs the opportunity to keep up in subject matter. Instruction must be comprehensible.

16. Important components for an ESL program • ESL “time” must occur daily • Includes instruction focusing on needs for specific ESL levels • Students are grouped according to ESL proficiency levels and needs • Minimum 45 minutes • Encourages oral participation • Builds on student’s prior knowledge and experiences

17. What is important for ELD Instruction? • SDAIE (Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English) or Sheltered instructional strategies • Comprehensible input • Time for independent reading (or self-selected /pleasure reading)

18. SDAIE Strategies for the ELD Classroom Speak slowly Lots of visuals and realia Context embedded Manipulatives and hands-on Activate prior knowledge Limit teacher-centered lectures TPR (total physical response) Focus on the meaning, not the form Graphic organizers Preview-review Alternative assessment Comprehensible input Independent reading opportunities

19. Activities for Language Acquisition Stages • Pre-production (Beginning - Level 1) • Characteristics: • Students have very little comprehension • No verbal production • Activities: • Use lots of visual aids and slow speech. • Oral production not forced. • Key words written on board. • TPR (Total Physical Response) • Use realia. • Student tasks include: • listening physical actions • drawing gesturing • matching • Examples of questions: • Find the…. • Point to the….. • Walk to the…..

20. Early Production (Beginning -Level 1) Characteristics: Students have limited comprehension one or two word responses. Activities: pictures role playing charts and graphs labels Student tasks include: One or two word responses. Naming, labeling Listing Categorizing Yes/no answers Examples of questions Where is the….? Is this a table? Yes or no? What color is the…?

21. Speech Emergence (Intermediate - Level 2) • Characteristics: • Good comprehension • Simple sentences with limited vocabulary • Many errors in grammar, syntax and pronunciation • Activities: • Matching, classifying • Games • Group discussions • Charts and tables • Student tasks: • Small group work • Summarizing • Describing and explaining • Role playing • Complete sentences • Retelling • Examples of questions: • Tell me about… • Why did the…. • Describe…. • What do you think…. • How did the boy feel….

22. Intermediate Fluency (Advanced -Level 3) • Characteristics: • Excellent comprehension • Few grammar errors • Appears fluent when speaking, but has problems with high level academics and literacy • Activities: • Paraphrasing • Use SDAIE strategies • Journals • Oral discussions • Language experience • Outlining and mapping • Newspaper articles • Student tasks: • Analyzing • Prediction • Give instructions • Giving opinions, justifying • Reading and writing • Examples of questions: • Compare (the lion and the tiger….) • Contrast (the desert and the rain forest) • Which do you prefer? Why? • How do you think this story will end?

23. Distance from the sun (in millions of miles) Pluto- 3,688 (pretend it is still a planet) Neptune – 2,794 Uranus – 1784 Saturn – 887 Jupiter – 483 Mars – 142 Earth – 93 Venus – 67 Mercury – 36

24. Quick Start GuideThis is an example of explicit directions and questions for how a lesson plan card can be used. It is intended to be only a guideline for a person not familiar with the program to demonstrate one way of teaching it. Topic: Zoo Animals (ELD Lesson Plan Card 3.1 Level A) • Whole Group (Levels 1, 2 and 3) Instruction • Introduction/Background/Motivation: • Introduce zoo animals and vocabulary using picture cards, stuffed animals, photographs, books, videos, realia (real objects), or actual animals if possible. For example, to motivate students: • bring an animal (like a snake or bird) into the classroom and let students touch or hold it. • Bring different kinds and sizes of stuffed animals or animal figurines and put them in the front of the class • Ask students to bring their favorite stuffed animal to class. • Show pictures of a zoo and ask students if they have ever been to the zoo. • Ask students: How many of you have been to the zoo before? • What animals have you seen at the zoo? • What do you do at the zoo? • Record responses on chart paper. Make a table or draw a cluster map representing the answers. • Read a book about animals or the zoo. Using the book A Trip to the Zoo, show the front cover and ask students if they can predict what the book is about. Say and ask students questions such as: • I am going to read a book. • Does anybody know what this book is going to be about? • Why do you think the book is going to be about _______?

25. Beginning (Level 1) • Some vocabulary words for zoo animals: elephant, lion, alligator, bear, eating. • Guided Instruction: Using realia (real objects), visuals or picture cards, point to the animal and identify them several times. Say the words and enunciate each word slowly and clearly. • (Teacher points as she says the following): • This is an elephant. • Say elephant. • Is this a lion?(pointing to the elephant picture). No. This is an elephant. • This is a lion. (point to a lion) • Is this a lion? Yes. • This is an alligator. This is a bear. (Repeat with different animals) • What animal is this? • Point to the alligator. • What color is the bear? • What is the bear eating?

26. Intermediate (Level 2) and Advanced (Level 3) • Vocabulary words: fur, wings, trunk, scale, sharp • (Note: These words are in addition to the Beginning- Level 1 vocabulary. Review vocabulary words for Level 1 first) • Guided Instruction: • Introduce vocabulary words pointing to the pictures. • Lions have fur. Do you know other animals that have fur? • This elephant has a trunk. Do you have a trunk? Does a lion have a trunk? • Birds have wings. • Have students identify and classify the animals. • Which animals have fur? • Which animals have wings? • Which animals have a trunk? • Ask students to come up and show the class an animal you name. • Sally, where is the lion? Come to the front and hold it for me. • Juan, where is the alligator? Come to the front and hold it for me. • Who is holding the bear? • Which animal do you like? • If you like lions, come and stand next to Sally. • Tell me about this bear. • Describe what a giraffe looks like. • What do you think about alligators? • Why do you think a giraffe has a long neck? • Why do you think alligators have sharp teeth? • Why do you think bears have lots of fur? • Which animals do you like? Why? • Which animal would you prefer? Why? • Compare an elephant and a giraffe.

27. Language Experience Approach activity • Choose a topic (zoo animals, lions, our favorite animals, etc.) • Write the title or topic on chart paper or a white board. • Ask students to create a story or give you sentences about the topic. • Write the sentences on the chart paper. • When you are finished, read the sentences to the class slowly and clearly. • Read it again but ask students to read it with you. • Ask students to read it on their own if they can (silently or outloud) • Ask students to copy the sentences on a piece of paper. • Have students illustrate their own paper. • Example of a Language Experience activity: • Zoo animals • There are lots of animals at the zoo. • I like the lions. • I like elephants. • Lions have fur. • Elephants are big and have trunks. • Take-home book: Small and Big Animals • Pass out copies of the take-home book. Fold and staple them together. • Read the take home book to the students. • Repeat and ask students to read it with you. • Have students read the take home book silently. • Have students color the pictures and complete the activity on the last page (let students work independently, in pairs, or in groups if they choose)

28. Integrating poetry/language arts in the content area • ACROSTIC POEMS Volatile explosion Occasionally erupts Lava over rocks Can we get out of the way? Ash can come out too Not safe Oh my! By Randy Drumm

29. Acrostic Poems Generates differences sEquence of DNA No two alike chromosomE by Vicente Perez Warm Extreme weather Air pressure Thunder storm Heat wave Evaporate Rain storms by Steve Vang

30. BIO Poems • I am ________ • I feel _______ • I think ________ • I like ________ • I don’t like ______ • I have _________________ • I ___________ • Example: I am (a lion, the sun, an apple, winter) • I am (the sun) • I feel  (hot ) • I think  (people like me) • I like  (to make the earth warm) • I am (made of hydrogen and helium) • I provide energy • I provide heat • I provide light

31. WORD DEFINITION EXAMPLES PICTURES SENTENCE

32. WORD What I think it means Definition What it means to me

33. Dialogue Journals

34. Dialogue journals benefit children because: • Students receive an individual reply from their teacher (Hae Joon) • Students experiment with writing in English or the second language in a meaningful context (Elena) • Build communication skills • Build authentic literacy skills • Students choose their own topics

37. Dialogue journals benefit teachers because: • It provides a weekly developmental record of the child’s writing • Models writing in an authentic context • Helps children make the connection between oral and written language • Learn about the child and his/her interests

41. ELLs need more guidance and collaborative writing opportunities ELLs need to have an opportunity to feel free to write and express themselves without their writing (spelling, grammar) being corrected Writing process, writer’s workshop, composing process (brainstorming/pre-write, draft, edit, revise, publish) is a separate component of writing instruction. Dialogue journals as a tool for writing instruction for English Language Learners

42. “Vietnamese was my first language and it was tough trying to learn English. An instrumental person that helped develop my literacy is my sixth grade teacher Mr. Jones. Although I was only his student for a year, we built a friendship that grew outside of the classroom. He became a caring friend and a person I deeply admired. He helped me with my reading and writing abilities through the process of daily journal assignments. We had to write in our journal every day after lunchtime for approximately 10 minutes. Mr. Jones allowed us to free write about anything that we felt a desire for. I usually wrote about what I did at lunchtime, what I had for lunch or dinner last night, and sometimes I would write about what happened outside of school the previous day. Then Mr. Jones would read our entries and comment on them. Usually, he replied with thoughtful feedback and encouragement. This gave me the impression that he really did care about his students because some of my early grade teachers never responded to our writings.

43. This activity made me feel like I was having my own little conversations with Mr. Jones. I was so comfortable with Mr. Jones that I started to write personal things about my family. I really enjoyed that journal assignment because it allowed me to express my feelings and thoughts without having any restrictions or barriers. I often found myself not having enough time to write everything that I wanted to put on paper. I was also excited to see how Mr. Jones would respond to my entry each day. This assignment improved my literacy skills because I was eager to read and write. For the first time in my childhood, I wanted to read and write more than hanging out with my friends.” • Bobby Nguyen • Long Beach, CA September 2005

44. Writing Prompts/Journal Topics • What is… • What is your favourite holiday? What makes this holiday special? • What is your favourite day of the week? • What is your favourite month? Why? • What if... • What would happen if you could fly whenever you wanted? When would you use this ability? • What would happen if there were no television? Why would this be good? bad? • I wish... • I wish I had a million... Then I would... • I wish I had one... because • I wish I could be like.... This person is special because.... • I wish to be a ________ when I grow up. Then I will.... • I wish there were a law that said..... This would be a good law because.... • I wish I could forget the time I ..... because.... • I wish trees could..... because.... • I wish I could see...... because..... • I wish I could hear...... • I wish I • www.CanTeach.ca • www.canteach.ca/elementary/prompts.html