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The British Regime. Chapter 3 – Culture and Currents of Thought Mr. Thompson. The Age of Enlightenment. Gallileo. Sir Isaac Newton. John Locke. Ben Franklin. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Other Famous Enlightenment Writers. Johann Von Goethe – German Philosopher.
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The British Regime Chapter 3 – Culture and Currents of Thought Mr. Thompson
Other Famous Enlightenment Writers • Johann Von Goethe – German Philosopher. • Joseph Haydn – Classical Composer. • Thomas Hobbes – Political Philosophy. • Thomas Jefferson – American Statesman. • Immanuel Kant – German Philosopher. • John Locke – English Political Philosopher. • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Thomas Paine – American Political Activist. • Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Swiss Political Philosopher. • Adam Smith – Scottish Economist.
The End of Imperialism? Imperialism, defined by The Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.” Johnston, Ronald John (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 375.
The British Regime 1763 – 1871 • New ideas: like “Individual rights” instead of Absolutism or Imperialism. • American War of Independence. • The French Revolution
The British Regime 1763 – 1871 • New Idea: Political and Economic liberalism. • Why was it starting to grow? • Democracy • Individual freedoms • Equality • The right to own private land (the opposite of the seigniorial system).
The British Regime 1763 – 1871 • American War of Independence 1775-1783 • The British Loyalists arrive in Canada • Start to ask for a Legislative Assembly. • The first Canadian Legislative Assembly was created in 1791 – very limited powers. • But they wanted more power, which in turn led to the Rebellions of 1837-1838.
The British Regime 1763 – 1871 • After the Rebellions • Governor of Canada Lord Durham • The Durham Report - 1839 • The Assimilation of the French • In 1840, Great Britain passed the Act of Union in attempt to assimilate the French Canadians.
The Dual Identity • Since the Treaty of Paris - Quebec and Canada, became another part of the very large British Empire. • The Duality? • English Loyalists vs. French Quebecers • Catholics vs. Protestants • Canada’s population is split in two
The Dual Identity • The French • Worried about their language, their schools and their religion. • Why? • LudgerDuvernay : • St-Jean Baptiste Association (June 24th 1834).
The St-Jean Baptiste Association: The maple leaf “O Canada” Monuments in memory of French Canadians Founding the Montreal Chamber of Commerce The Dual Identity
The Dual Identity • French Canadian Nationalism • the Rebellions of 1837-1838. • The Legislative Assembly was largely made up of French Canadians • The Parti Patriote • Demanded more control of the Colony’s finances. So what happened? When the Crown refused their demands, fighting broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada.
The Dual Identity • 1839 – The Durham Report • The lack of responsible government in Upper Canada and the racial tensions between Upper and Lower Canadians. • He suggested an assimilation of the “people with no literature and no history” into one, large English speaking group.
The Dual Identity • 1840 - The Act of Union • Upper and Lower Canada united • The French language was banished from the government • Education and civil law regarding the French Canadians was suspended. • The creation of one parliament to oversee all of Canada.
The Dual Identity • 1845 - Francois-Xavier Garneau’s book: Histoire du Canada • Tried to tell the story of the French colonists in a patriotic way – why? • In order to bring them back into favour with the British Crown – Did it work? Not really...BUT... It did make the French Canadians realize they had little or no cultural literature!
Economic Liberalism • It was the latest British fad. • Individual business had freedom • Very little government intervention. • Helped with the modernization of the Education system – how? • Because the business community wanted a school for professionals!
Economic Liberalism • Who did it involve? • The French Canadian middle-class or the Petit Bourgeoisie, which made up parties like the Parti Patriote and the Parti Rouge • The English Business-Class or the Bourgeoisie d’Affairs, they profited most from the capitalist system and were represented by the Tory Party.
Economic Liberalism • The transmission of ideas? • The Quebec Gazette (1764) English and French • The Montreal Gazette (1775) Liberalism – criticized the clergy, demanded a Legislative Assembly and became the voice of Canadian intellectuals. • The Quebec Mercury; The Montreal Herald; Le Canadien; La Minerve; La Presse(1884)
Activity #3 – The Enlightenment Choose an Enlightenment Philosopher and... • Research what he/she did/wrote and tell me a little bit about it. • Explain how their invention/discovery/ideas had a direct impact on the events which unfolded in Canada during the British Regime. WRITE DOWN YOUR SOURCES!
The Anticlerical Movement • Because of Liberalism - The clergy is criticized. • The separation of Church and Education. • Strangely – it is the Parti Patriote who opposed the reign of the Catholic Church over education. • But they also refuse to submit to the rule of British Government…
The Anticlerical Movement • The Parti Patriote was dissolved due to the Rebellion. • But the Parti Rouge started to speak out against the Catholic Church. • State of ignorance? Were they right? • Newpapers: L’Avenir and Le Pays
Conclusion? Under the British Regime – The Catholic Church was losing influence over the people!
Ultramontanism • The Clergy got a bit of its power back during the Ultramontanist period of the 19th century. • What does “Ultramontanist” mean? • Complete submission to Rome • Very strict religious practice • In 1864, the Vatican published a list of things they considered to be against the faith : liberalism and socialism were on the list!
Ultramontanism • Canadian Ultramontanism: • Catholic obligation to the Church • The control of the Clergy on education • Increased interventions of Bishops into politics • The creation of religious Brotherhoods (e.g.: The Knights of Columbus)
Ultramontanism • Catholic Ultramontanists spent a lot of money. • They created newspapers (La Vérité), • Influenced elections, • Condemned books (Les Misérables), • Refusal to give some political members the sacrament because of the affiliations!
Ultramontanism Conclusion? • The Catholic Church went to great lengths to combat the Liberalist ideas. Were they successful? • For a time…But in the end the separation of the Church and the State would be finalized during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960’s.
