6 Kingdoms of Life

1. 6 Kingdoms of Life SOL BIO: 5 a-f

2. The student will investigate and understand life functions of archaebacteria, monerans (eubacteria), protists, fungi, plants, and animals including humans. Key concepts include: • how their structures and functions vary between and within the kingdoms; • comparison of their metabolic activities; • analyses of their responses to the environment; • maintenance of homeostasis; • human health issues, human anatomy, body systems, and life functions; and • how viruses compare with organisms.

3. As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.

4. The grouping of organisms into kingdoms is based on 3 factors: • 1. Cell Type • 2. Cell Number • 3. Feeding Type

5. 1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

6. Prokaryotes • DO NOT HAVE: • a membrane bound nucleus • any membrane bound organelles

7. Prokaryotes • DO HAVE: • DNA • Ribosomes • Cytoplasm • Cell membrane

9. Eukaryotes • separate membrane bound nucleus • DO HAVE: • other organelles

11. Unicellular- single celled organism 2. Cell # - Whether the organisms exist as single cells or as many cells • Multicellular- many celled organism

12. Multicellular • Unicellular

13. Autotroph or Producer • Makes it’s own food 3. Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food • Heterotroph or Consumer • Must eat other organisms to survive

14. This kingdom has now been divided into 2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria There used to be only 5 kingdoms • Monera • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

15. 6 Kingdoms Prokaryotes • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia Eukaryotes

17. Archaebacteria • Ancient bacteria- • Live in very harsh environments • Extremophiles • Methanogens • Halophiles • thermoacidophiles

18. Eubacteria • It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions. • Cell walls have peptidoglycan

19. Bacteria • Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

20. Bacterial Shapes • Bacteria come in 3 main shapes • Rod or Stick (bacilli) • Sphere (cocci) • Helical or spiral (spirilla or borrelia)

21. Bacterial Locomotion • Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement • Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

22. Bacterial Nutrition • Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize • Some bacteria are heterotrophs

23. Protists • Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. Odds & Ends Kingdom

24. Protists • There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists • Some are beneficial • Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

26. Protists Disease Ameba histolytica • Amebic dysentery

27. Protists Disease • Giardiasis (beaver fever) Giardia

28. Protists Disease Trypanosoma • African Sleeping Sickness

29. Protists Disease • Malaria Plasmodium

30. Protists Disease • Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma

31. Protists Locomotion • 3 types of movement: • Pseudopod (false foot) • Flagella/cilia • Contractile vacuoles

32. Protists Nutrition • Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

33. Fungi • The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. • By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

34. Fungi Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular • All fungi are eukaryotic • They may be unicellular or multicellular • All fungi have a cell wall, most • Made of chitin

35. Fungi Penicillin • Fungi can be very helpful and delicious • Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi (for example, Penicillin)

36. Fungi • Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: • Athlete's Foot

37. Fungi • Ringworm

38. Fungi Locomotion • Fungi are stationary • They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

39. Fungi Nutrition • All fungi are heterotrophs • They absorb nutrients from dead organic matter • They are saprophytes

40. There are 4 main types of Fungi (classified by how they reproduce) • Zygospore (Zygosporangia) • Bread molds

41. There are 4 main types of Fungi 2. Club (Basidiomycetes) • Mushrooms & puffballs

42. There are 4 main types of Fungi 3. Sac (Ascomycetes) • Yeasts

43. There are 4 main types of Fungi 4. Imperfect (Deuteromycetes) • penicillin

44. Plants • All plants are multicellular autotrophs that have a cell wall made • Of cellulose

45. Ferns- Vascular, No seeds (Tracheophytes) Mosses- (Bryophytes) Non-vascular • 4 important plant groups are the: Flowering Plants- Vascular, Seeds surrounded by fruit (Angiosperms) Conifers- (Gymnosperms) Vascular, Cone seeds

46. Nonvascular plants are the simplest of all land dwelling plants.  • They lack an internal means for water transportation.  • They do not produce seeds or flowers.  • They generally only reach a height of 1 to 2 centimeters, because they lack the woody tissue necessary for support. • Nonvascular Plants Bryophytes

47. Mosses

48. Liverworts & Hornworts

49. Vascular plants have water-carrying tissues (xylem) and sugar-carrying tissues (phloem) enabling the plants to evolve to a larger size. • Some vascular plants do not produce seeds. For example, ferns. • Some vascular plants produce cone seeds (gymnosperms), some produce seeds surrounded by fruit (angiosperms). • Vascular Plants Tracheophytes

50. Ferns- seedless vascular