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Abiotic Factors

Abiotic Factors. Resources Factors. Tolerance Range. Homeostasis. Optimal Growth Temperatures Microbial Activity. Temperature. Aquatic Temperatures. Riparian vegetation influences stream temperature by providing shade. Homeostasis. Definition Mechanisms Physiological Behavioral.

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Abiotic Factors

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  1. Abiotic Factors • Resources • Factors

  2. Tolerance Range • Homeostasis

  3. Optimal Growth Temperatures Microbial Activity

  4. Temperature

  5. Aquatic Temperatures • Riparian vegetation influences stream temperature by providing shade.

  6. Homeostasis • Definition • Mechanisms • Physiological • Behavioral

  7. Thermoneutral Zone

  8. LETHAL TEMPERATURE RELATIONS FOR TWO SPECIES OF FISH. ENCLOSED AREA OF EACH TRAPEZIUM IS THE ZONE OF TOLERANCE

  9. Thermoneutral Zones

  10. Microclimates • Macroclimate: • Microclimate: • Altitude • Higher altitude - lower temperature. • Aspect • Offers contrasting environments. • Vegetation • Ecologically important microclimates.

  11. Microclimates • Ground Color • Boulders / Burrows

  12. Microclimate • The distribution of species and temperature contour maps do not always coincide • This is because the temperatures organisms experience are greatly effected by numerous things. • Behavior of animals • North-facing & south-facing slopes

  13. Plant Resources • Solar radiation (energy source) • Water • CO2 • Minerals (nutrients)

  14. Saguaro cactus (Cereus giganteus) Distribution determined by temp. Limited by temperature remaining below freezing for 36 hr. Dots are sites where temp. remains below freezing for 36 hr. or more. “X’s” are sites where these conditions have not been recorded. The dotted line is the boundary of the Sonoran desert.

  15. Optimal Photosynthetic Temperatures

  16. Stomata • Bring CO2 in • Allow H2O to escape

  17. Heat Exchange Pathways

  18. Temperature Regulation by Plants • Desert Plants: Must reduce heat storage. • Hs = Hcd + Hcv + Hr

  19. Temperature Regulation by Plants

  20. Temperature Regulation by Plants • Arctic and Alpine Plants • Two main options to stay warm: • Tropic Alpine Plants • Rosette plants generally retain dead leaves, which insulate and protect the stem from freezing.

  21. Sierra-Nevada Range West East Yarrow (Achillea) along an altitudinal gradient

  22. Natural Selection Cold genotype Moderate genotype Warm genotype Low temperature Low humidity High temperature High humidity Many Generations

  23. Animal Resources & Factors • Temperature • Oxygen, water • Nutrition (energy source) • Defense • Intraspecific competition

  24. Temperature and Animal Performance • Biomolecular Level • Most enzymes have rigid, predictable shape at low temperatures

  25. Heat Exchange Pathways • Heat Transfer • Htot= Hc ± Hr ± Hs - He Htot = total metabolic heat Hc = Conductive & convective Hr = Radiative Hs = Storage He = evaporation

  26. Body Temperature Regulation • Poikilotherms • Homeotherms

  27. Body Temperature Regulation • Poikilotherms • Homeotherms

  28. Body Temperature Regulation • Ectotherms • Endotherms

  29. Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals • Liolaemus Lizards • Thrive in cold environments • Burrows • Dark pigmentation • Sun Basking

  30. Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals • Grasshoppers • Some species adjust for radiative heating by varying intensity of pigmentation during development

  31. Temp Regulation - costs

  32. Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals • Regional Heterothermy

  33. Countercurrent heat exchange:

  34. Countercurrent Heat Exchange

  35. Temperature Regulation

  36. rete mirabile

  37. Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic Plants • Almost all plants are poikilothermic ectotherms • Plants in family Araceae use metabolic energy to heat flowers • Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) stores large quantities of starch in large root, and then translocate it to the inflorescence where it is metabolized thus generating heat

  38. Surviving Extreme Temperatures • Inactivity • Reduce Metabolic Rate

  39. Adaptations to Environmental Extremes • Dormancy • Diapause • Torpor • Hibernation • Estivation • Bergman’s Rule • Allen’s Rule

  40. Dormancy • Diapause

  41. Temp. Regulation

  42. Bergmann’s Rule • Retains heat better

  43. Bergmann’s Rule

  44. Allen’s Rule

  45. Water Movement in Aquatic Environments • Water moves down concentration gradient • freshwater vs. saltwater • Aquatic organisms can be viewed as an aqueous solution bounded by a semi-permeable membrane floating in an another aqueous solution

  46. Water Movement in Aquatic Environments • If 2 environments differ in water or salt concentrations, substances move down their concentration gradients • Diffusion • Osmosis:

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