KEY CONCEPT Cells are the Basic unit of life.

1. KEY CONCEPT Cells are the Basic unit of life.

2. The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. • Many scientists contributed to the cell theory.

3. The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. • Many scientists contributed to the cell theory. • More was learned about cells as microscopes improved.

4. The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. • Many scientists contributed to the cell theory. • More was learned about cells as microscopes improved. • The cell theory is a unifying concept of biology.

5. Robert Hooke 1665 • Observes holes in cork under microsocope. • Names the spaces “cells” as they remind him of the small rooms found in a religious monastery • Really was observing empty spaces where cells were before dying

6. Anton von Leeuwonhoek (just call me Tony) • Dutch lens maker • First to observe and describe single-celled organisms, which he originally referred to as  animalcules and cavorting beasties • Today we call what he saw microorganisms – bacteria and protists • Was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). 

7. Robert Brown Robby Bobby said – “That dark structure found inside many cells should be called a Nucleus”

8. Theodore Schleiden Ted said - “All plants are composed of cells”

9. Matthias Schwann Matt knew where it was at when he declared “ALL animals (like swans) are made of cells”

10. Rudolf Virchow Rejected the concept of spontaneous generation, which held that organisms could arise from nonliving matter spontaneously. Rudy’s Rule: “All cells come from other cells”

11. Early studies led to the development of the cell theory. • The Cell theory has three principles. • All organisms are made of cells.

12. Early studies led to the development of the cell theory. • The Cell theory has three principles. • All organisms are made of cells. • All existing cells are produced by other living cells.

13. Early studies led to the development of the cell theory. • The Cell theory has three principles. • All organisms are made of cells. • All existing cells are produced by other living cells. • The cell is the most basic unit of life.

14. There are thousands of different types of cells that make up living organisms.

15. Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) All cells share some characteristics • Most cells are microscopic.

16. cell membrane Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) All cells share some characteristics • Most cells are microscopic • All cells are enclosed by a membrane

17. cell membrane cytoplasm Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) All cells share some characteristics • Most cells are microscopic • All cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane • All cells are filled with cytoplasm (gel like substance mostly made of water)

18. cell membrane cytoplasm Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) All cells share some characteristics • Most cells are microscopic • All cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane • All cells are filled with cytoplasm (gel like substance mostly made of water) • All cells have genetic information

19. cell membrane cytoplasm Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) All cells share some characteristics • Most cells are microscopic • All cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane • All cells are filled with cytoplasm (gel like substance mostly made of water) • All cells have genetic information

20. Main Idea#2: Cells can be separated into two broad categories based on their internal structure. 2 Basic Cell Types: Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells. • Prokaryotic Cells These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or organelles • Eukaryotic Cells These cells DO have a TRUE nucleus and organelles

21. nucleus cell membrane • Eukarytic Cells • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

22. nucleus organelles cell membrane Two major cell types: Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. • Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

23. nucleus organelles cell membrane Two major cell types: Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.

24. nucleus organelles cell membrane cytoplasm Two major cell types: Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. • Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles.

25. Eukaryotes are organisms made of Eukaryotic cells Organisms that have Eukaryotic cells include: • Protists • Fungi • Plants • Animals

26. Organisms are made of either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells • Prokaryotes are organisms made of Prokaryotic cells Organisms that have Prokaryotic cells include: • Bacteria (2 groups:Archaea, Bacteria) • Eukaryotes are organisms made of Eukaryotic cells Organisms that have Eukaryotic cells include: • Protists • Fungi • Plants • Animals

27. Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus Membrane surrounded organelles Larger Single or Multicellular Found in protists, fungi,plant and animals DNA + proteins=Chromosomes No Nucleus No membrane surrounded organelles Smaller Single celled/ Unicellular Found in bacteria, archaea Circular DNA

28. Fossil Evidence of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Evolved 1.5 billion yrs ago First ones were unicellular Later cells became multicellular Photosynthetic marine bacteria 3.5 Billion Years Ago

29. Endosymbiotic Theory Developed in the 1970’s Endosymbiosis- a relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another and both benefit from relationship. Early mitochondria and chloroplasts were once simple prokaryotic cells that were taken up by larger prokaryotes around 1.5 bya. Some of the smaller prokaryotes may have survived inside the larger ones. Both strutures helped the larger cell get energy. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA & ribosomes, can copy themselves

30. Endosymbiosis

31. Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell

32. Prokaryotic Cell Structures and their Functions • Plasma Membrane – Protective coating surrounding the cytoplasm that regulates(controls) what enters/leaves cell. Archaea have special lipids in their membranes not found in any other type of organism on Earth. B. Cell Wall – Covering outside the cell membrane. Bacteria have peptidoglycan molecules, Archaea don’t C. Capsule – Made of polysaccharides and located outside cell wall. Helps bacteria not dry out and avoid being attacked. Bacteria with capsules are often disease causers.

33. D. Cytoplasm Fluid filled space inside cell membrane. Mostly water. E. Ribosomes Site where amino acids join together through dehydration synthesis to form protein molecules. F. Nucleoid Location where DNA is found in prokaryotes G. Plasmid Small piece of DNA separate from main chromosome

34. I. Flagella Long, whiplike structure used for moving. J. Pili Thinner, shorter, more numerous than flagella. Allows prokaryotes to stick to surfaces and other prokaryotes.

36. Helpful Animations and Videos Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Comparison and Contrast http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/28732-assignment-discovery-elements-of-cells-video.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y623clAREHI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWy4o_UfZ4A http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRO-DPyB9Bk