Where do earthquakes and volcanoes commonly occur? Near plate boundaries (edges) Why?

1. Where do earthquakes and volcanoes commonly occur? • Near plate boundaries (edges) • Why? • Plate edges scrape together causing vibrations or where plates collide (oceanic and continental boundaries) • http://www.yenka.com/freecontent/attachment.action?quick=12o&att=2773

2. Earthquakes What: Vibrations caused by the breaking of rock.

3. 2004 Japan

4. December 2004, Sumatra

5. May 2008, China

6. Oakland, CA. The upper level of the two-level structure roadway has collapsed onto the lower level. The columns failed in response to the October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. 41 people were killed in the collapse.

7. 9.0 Earthquake - Japan March 11, 2011

8. Damage to Humans 20,896 people killed, 4,647 missing, 5,314 injured, 130,927 displaced

9. Damage to Infrastructure Destroyed or damaged: 332,395 buildings, 2,126 roads, 56 bridges 26 railways

10. How does an earthquake occur? • Plates shift position • Vibrations disrupt the surrounding area

11. December 1954, Dixie Valley, NV (magnitude 6.8) The shack was relatively undamaged, despite being only a few meters from the two- to three-meter offset.

12. 1989 Loma Prieta Fault, CA

13. 7.0 Earthquake Haiti 2010 • http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1953689,00.html

14. Where do earthquakes occur? Along fault lines (cracks in the plates) and plate boundaries http://baird.si.edu/minsci/tdpmap/viewer.htm

15. Earthquakes may be deep underground or right at the surface(surface quakes cause more damage)

16. Earthquakes in the 7 days http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/index.php

18. NJ’s most recent quake • November 23rd, 2012 • Magnitude 2.2 • Largest ever in NJ: • 11/29/1783 • magnitude 5.3 • felt from NH to PA http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/last_event_states/states_new_jersey.html

19. 8/23/11 5.8 earthquake in VA • Was felt from GA to ME and all the way out to Chicago http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/se082311a.php#summary

20. How is an Earthquake measured? • Seismograph measures waves from an earthquake, • the ground moves up and down but the weight with pen stays at the same level. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gbd1FcuLJLQ

21. Richter Scale • Lines drawn by the pen determine magnitude (strength of quake) on Richter scale • Scale goes from 0 & up, 6+ causes serious damage. • 9.5 highest recorded quake (1960 – Chile)

22. Ancient Chinese Seismograph • 132 AD, Zhang Heng -scientist • A central pendulum swings with a quake, thus pulling on a dragon, which releases a ball into the toad’s mouth making a sound and marking the direction of the quake. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcVFuIccf5c

23. Damage • Can crack buildings and roadways (billions of dollars in damages) • Can trigger fires, landslides, and tsunamis • Kills an average of 10,000 people a year. • 2008 China: over 87,000 people died in a 7.9 magnitude earthquake

24. Largest and Deadliest Earthquakes in the World • Historical Earthquake List: • http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/historical.php http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/year/byyear.php

25. How to win a Nobel Prize Unanswered Questions about Earthquakes • What starts or stops an earthquake? • Do earthquakes “talk'' to each other? In other words, does one earthquake trigger the next earthquake? If so, how/why? • Can earthquakes be predicted, and if so, how? • http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/DyeHard/elephants-predict-earthquakes/story?id=8643318 • http://abcnews.go.com/Travel/east-coast-earthquake-animals-zoos-reacted-temblor-began/story?id=14371679

26. Earthquake Safety • Knowing what to do before, during, and after an earthquake can help you and your family survive.

27. Build quake resistant buildings that move with the earth as it vibrates

28. Earthquake Safety • Move or secure objects on high shelves

29. Earthquake Safety • Stay indoors during the shaking and stand in a doorway or hide under a sturdy table away from windows and high objects. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1005/es1005page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

30. Drop, Cover, and Hold On!

31. After the quake • Move outdoors to open areas quickly, watch for falling objects during aftershocks

32. Be Aware of Falling Debris

33. Earthquake Safety Tips BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE: Have a disaster plan. Choose a safe place in every room. It’s best to get under a sturdy piece of furniture like a table or a desk where nothing can fall on you. Practice DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON! Drop under something sturdy, hold on, and protect your eyes by pressing your face against your arm. If you live in an earthquake prone area, bolt tall furniture to the wall and install strong latches to cupboards. Prepare a disaster supplies kit for your home and car. Include a first aid kit, canned food and a can opener, bottled water, battery-operated radio, flashlight, protective clothing and written instructions on how to turn off electricity, gas, and water. DURING AN EARTHQUAKE: DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON! Stay indoors until the shaking stops. Stay away from windows. If you’re in bed, hold on and stay there, protecting your head with a pillow. If you’re outdoors, find a clear spot away from buildings, trees and power lines. Then, drop to the ground. If you’re in a car, slow down and drive to a safe place. Stay in the car until the shaking stops. AFTER THE SHAKING STOPS: Check for injuries. Inspect your home for damage. Eliminate fire hazards, so turn off the gas if you think its leaking. Expect aftershocks. Each time you feel one, DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON.

35. Tsunamis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-zfCBCq-8I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJBS94GVyuo

36. What is a tsunami? • Japanese words tsu (harbor) and nami (waves) • It is a wave or series of waves in the ocean that can be hundreds of miles long and have been known to reach heights of up to 45 ft • Waves can travel at speeds close to 300 mph • They can cause massive damage and kill many along coastal lands.

37. How does it happen? • Triggered by underwater earthquakes which forces the water upward • The wave moves outward in all directions • As a wave reaches shallow water, it slows down and gets taller. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/animations/tsunami/main.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chbbiSCczB8 http://www.pep.bc.ca/tsunamis/causes_2.htm

38. http://www.usatoday.com/news/graphics/tsnumai/flash02.htm

40. Prior to this earthquake the Indian Plate was moving beneath the Burma Plate, meeting resistance and compression forces accumulated. When the fault between these two plates suddenly slipped a rupture approximately 1,200 kilometers long developed in the ocean floor with a vertical displacement of about 15 meters. The boundary between the plates and the line of failure are shown on the map below as the blue saw-tooth line.

42. Contour lines-arrival time, colors-wave height

44. Can I surf a Tsunami Wave?

45. No- there is no face to the wave Surfing wave Tsunami wave

46. Dec. 2004 Tsunami • 9.2 Earthquake in Indian Ocean caused it • Killed 230,000 people • Made clear that tsunami warning systems are needed globally

48. 2011 Tsunami in Japan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-zfCBCq-8I

49. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/11/world/asia/maps-of-earthquake-and-tsunami-damage-in-japan.html?ref=asiahttp://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/11/world/asia/maps-of-earthquake-and-tsunami-damage-in-japan.html?ref=asia

50. 1960 9.5 Chile