European Explorers List: Prince Henry of Portugal

1. European Explorers List: • Prince Henry of Portugal • Not an explorer himself but he established a school for navigators and paid for many voyages • Bartolomeu Dias (Portugal) • 1488-1st European to sail around the tip of Africa • Vasco da Gama (Portugal) • 1497-sailed around Africa to India and brought back a boatload of spices that was sold a huge profit

2. Christopher Columbus (Italian-sailed for Spain) • 1492- landed on San Salvador in the Bahamas believing he had landed in Asia • Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal-sailed for Spain) • 1521-landed in the Philippines-became the 1st expedition to circumnavigate the earth (but he died on the voyage) • Pedro Cabral (Portugal) • 1500-claimed Brazil for Portugal • Amerigo Vespucci (Italian sailed for Portugal) • 1501 sailed and mapped coast of South America- continent named America after him

3. Vasco de Balboa (Spain) • Crossed Panama and became 1st European to see the Pacific Ocean • Hernan Cortes (Spain) • 1519- conquered the Aztec of Mexico • Francisco Pizarro (Spain) • 1522-conquered the Inca of Peru in South America • Francisco de Coronado (Spain) • 1540 explored the southwestern part of present-day USA • Hernando de Soto (Spain) (not in book) • Explored the southeastern part of USA

4. Juan Ponce de Leon (Spain) • 1513-claimed Florida for Spain while searching for the “Fountain of Youth”. • Giovanni de Verrazzano (Italian-for France) • 1524-discovered what is today New York harbor • Jacques Cartier (France) • 1534-sailed up the St. Lawrence River and founded Montreal • Samuel de Champlain (France) • 1608-founded Quebec

5. Marquette and Joliet (France) • 1673-explored the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi River • Robert Sieur de La Salle (France) • Explored the lower Mississippi and claimed it for France and named the region Louisiana after French King Louis XIV • Henry Hudson (English for Netherlands) • 1609-explored 3 waterways that were named after him (Hudson Bay, Hudson River, Hudson Strait)-Dutch claimed the region

6. Reasons for European Exploration • “Gold, Glory, and God” • Desire to grow rich • Desire to spread Christianity • Advances in sailing technology • Caravel-triangular sails allowed it to sail against the wind • Astrolabe-allowed sea captains to determine location using the stars • Compass-invented by the Chinese usd to determine direction

7. Line of Demarcation • In 1493 Pope Alexander VI drew an imaginary line drawn North to South through the Atlantic Ocean to keep the peace between Portugal and Spain. • All lands to the West belonged to Spain and to the East belonged to Portugal • When Portugal complained it gave too much to Spain, it was moved farther West to give Brazil to Portugal • Treaty of Tordesillas • Agreement by Spain and Portugal to honor the Line of Demarcation

8. Indian Ocean Exploration • Portugal was the 1st country to establish a trading empire in the region • England and the Dutch (Netherlands) began to challenge the Portuguese in the region • Dutch East India Company- powerful trade company established by he Netherlands to trade in Asia • East India Company- English company to establish and direct trade in the Indian Ocean region • Eventually the Dutch came to control the area

9. Describe the Founding of Jamestown • Founded in 1607 • Named after King James • 70% died from hunger, disease, or battles with natives during 1st few years • Tobacco farming saved the colony

10. Settling in New England • 1620 Pilgrims landed in Plymouth seeking religious freedom • 1630 Puritans established Massachusetts Bay colony also seeking religious freedom • The Dutch (Netherlands) in North America • Dutch established New Netherlands in the area explored by Henry Hudson • The English under the lead of the Duke of York drove the Dutch out of the area and renamed it New York

11. French and Indian War • Fought between the British and the French over control of the Ohio River Valley • Part of the Seven Years’ War • A majority of Native American supported the French because they did not try to take away their lands • Main Reason for the Need for African Slaves • The widespread death of Native Americans to European diseases such as smallpox and measles led to the need for African slaves

12. Numbers of Slaves brought to the Americas • Almost 9.5 million slaves came to the Americas by the time slave trade ended

13. Describe the Triangular Trade System • Europeans transported manufactured goods to Africa which were traded for slaves • The slaves were then transported to the Americas in what was called the Middle Passage and then were sold • Merchants used the money from the sale of slaves to buy sugar, coffee, tobacco, and other goods which were shipped to Europe for sale

14. On another triangular trade route, rum and other goods went to Africa and were exchanged for slaves • The slaves were transported to the West Indies and sold for sugar and molasses • The sugar and molasses were then sold to rum producers in New England

15. Slave Resistance • Made themselves less productive by breaking tools, uprooting plants, and working slowly, • Thousands ran away • A few groups staged open revolts

16. Columbian Exchange • Transfer of foods, plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas • Most important items going to Europe were corn and potatoes • Horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs went to the Americas

17. Economic Impacts of Global Trade • Capitalism-based on private ownership and investment of resources to make a profit • Joint-stock companies-investors buy stock and invest their wealth for a common purpose. They share in the profits. • Mercantilism-economic policy in which nations sought to increase their wealth by obtaining large amounts of silver and gold • Favorable balance of trade- nations wanted to sell more goods than they bought from other countries