Nanotechnology for Environment and Health: Risks and Promises

1. Nanotechnology for Environment and Health: Risks and Promises Prof. Dipanjan Pan Nanotechnology Basics BioE298/Module 1

2. Emergency Response Recommendations In an emergency in this building, we’ll have three choices: RUN (get out), HIDE (find a safe place to stay inside), or FIGHT (with anything available to increase our odds for survival). First, take a few minutes this week and learn the different ways to leave this building. If there’s ever a fire alarm or something like that, you’ll know how to get out, and you’ll be able to help others get out too. Second, if there’s severe weather and leaving isn’t a good option, go to a low level in the middle of the building, away from windows. If there’s a security threat, such as an active shooter, we’ll RUN out of the building if we can do it safely or we will HIDE by finding a safe place where the threat cannot see us. We will lock or barricade the door and we will be as quiet as possible, which includes placing our cell phones on silent. We will not leave our area of safety until we receive an Illini-Alert that advises us it is safe to do so. If we cannot run out of the building safely or we cannot find a place to hide, we must be prepared to fight with anything we have available in order to survive. Remember, RUN away or HIDE if you can, FIGHT if you have no other option. Finally, if you sign up for emergency text messages at emergency.illinois.edu, you’ll receive information from the police and administration during these types of situations. If you have any questions, go to police.illinois.edu, or call 217-333-1216.

4. CONTENTS Introduction The origin and history of nanotechnology Theory Vision Applications Health and Environment The Future of Nanotechnology

5. Definition of Nanotechnology “Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.” -National Nanotechnology Initiative

6. What is Nanotech? NanoTechnology – Art and science of manipulating atoms and molecules to create new systems, materials, and devices. Nanomeasurement – Size Nanomanipulation – Building from the bottom up.

7. Why Nanotechnology? At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter. Nanotechnology R&D is directed toward understanding and creating improved materials, devices, and systems that exploit these new properties.

8. What Exactly is ‘Nano’? Arguably world’s most popular music player iPod-”Nano” Tata-”Nano” The worlds cheapest car $2000

10. The World of “Nano” A nanometre (Greek: νάνος, nanos, "dwarf"; μέτρον, metrοn) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter (i.e., 10-9 m or one millionth of a millimeter). • Real world scenario: • Humans are 10,000,000 times smaller than the earth. • A 100 nm sized particle, is 10,000,000 times smaller than a human. Scaling down • High surface area • High payload • Multi-functionality • Low overall therapeutics/NP At scales on the order of 100’s of nm, novel materials properties emerge, enabling the development of new class of materials. It can create opportunities for paradigm shifting results, creating new preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cancer 100 nm http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1780

11. The Importance of Size

12. University of Illinois

13. Color depends on particle size Quantum dots 3.2 nm in diameter have blue emission Quantum dots 5 nm in diameter have red emission What’s the BIG deal about something soSMALL? Materials behave differently at this size scale. It’s not just about miniaturization. At this scale---it’s all about INTERFACES

14. Working at the atomic, molecular and supra-molecular levels, in the length scale of approximately 1 – 100 nm range, through the control and manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular level in order to design, create and use materials, devices and systems with fundamentally new properties and functions because of their small structure.

15. Richard Feynman’s famous presentation “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” was in the 1959 at the American Physical Society. Here he asked: • Why can’t we manipulate materials atom by atom? • Why can’t we control the synthesis of individual molecules? • Why can’t we write all of human knowledge on the head of a pin? • Why can’t we build machines to accomplish these things? Nobel Prize in Physics 1965

16. Nanotechnology: A Blast from Past? How old is nanotechnology in human history? Lead sulfide crystals (5 nm) Silver nano-colloids were used by Persians, Babylonian and Greek civilizations as antiobiotics Blonde hair The astounding qualities of “nano”-gold were understood by the ancients, who devoted massive amounts of time and energy to alchemy and labeled a primitive form of Nanogold the “Elixir of Life.” It's over 4000 years old. Goes back in ancient Egyptian and Persian times

17. History of Nanotechnology

18. Nanotechnology Through History: Carbon-based Nanoparticles from Prehistory to Today 17,000-year old cave paintings from the Lascaux caves in southwestern France. The pigment’s resemblance of soot is no accident. 

19. The Oldest Nanoparticle in History Since our early ancestors first learned to make fires, humans have been producing carbon-based nanoparticles. The smoke and soot from their campfires contained nanoparticles known as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, along with many other combustion by-products. They must have thought the very crude nanoparticle preparations they created were a bit of a nuisance (depending on how concerned they were about cleanliness), until they decided they could use them in art. Little did they realize that some of the structures in the smudgy black stuff they made would some day help solve our energy problems.

20. Thousands of years later, in the 11th to 13th centuries C.E., the Crusaders encountered unusually strong and sharp sword blades when then fought against Muslims. Part of the reason for the exceptional strength, remarkable sharpness, and beautiful patterns on the surface of the Damascus steel sword blades used by Saladin’s troops may have been the presence of carbon nanotubes in the steel used. Scientists looking at such sword blades under the electron microscope have seen evidence of carbon nanotubes (and other nanomaterials) in Damascus steel.

21. Why Now? • New tools for atomic-scale characterization • New capabilities for single atom/molecule manipulation • Computational access to large systems of atoms and long time scales • Convergence of scientific-disciplines at the nanoscale

22. Nanotechnology: Applications

23. Nanotechnology Applications

24. Benefits of Nanotechnology “The power of nanotechnology is rooted in its potential to transform and revolutionize multiple technology and industry sectors, including aerospace, agriculture, biotechnology, homeland security and national defense, energy, environmental improvement, information technology, medicine, and transportation. Discovery in some of these areas has advanced to the point where it is now possible to identify applications that will impact the world we live in.” -National Nanotechnology Initiative

25. Understanding the Challenges of the Nanoscale • There are many length and time scales that are important in nanotechnology. • Length scale goes from 10 Å to 104 Å ---- this corresponds to 102 to 1011 particles • Time scales ranging from 10-15 s to several seconds • The temporal scale goes linearly in the number of particles N, the spatial scale goes as (NlogN), yet the accuracy scale can go as high as N7 to N! with a significant pre-factor.

26. Challenges of this Size Scale • A critical issue for nanotechnology is that components, structures, and systems are in a size regime about whose fundamental behavior we have little understanding. They are: • too small for direct measurements • too large to be described by current rigorous first principle theoretical and computational methods • exhibit too many fluctuations to be treated monolithically in time and space • too few to be described by a statistical ensemble.

27. Nanoscience will change the nature of almost every human-made object in the next century. National Science and Technology Council, 2000

28. Economic Impact of Nanotechnology Market Size Predictions (within a decade)* $340B/yr Materials $300B/yr Electronics $180B/yr Pharmaceuticals $100B/yr Chemical manufacture $ 70B/yr Aerospace $ 20B/yr Tools $ 30B/yr Improved healthcare $ 45B/yr Sustainability $1 Trillion per year by 2015 *2007 Estimates by industry groups, source: NSF

29. Economic Impact of Nanotechnology According to “The Nanotechnology Opportunity Report (NOR),” 3rd Edition Cientifica Ltd., published in June 2008 “The market for products enabled by nano-technologies will reach US$ 263 billion by 2012.” “The highest growth rates will be in the convergence between bio- and nanotechnologies in the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors.”

30. National Investment The US investment in nano-technology represents about ¼ of the world R&D investment. The 2010 Budget provides $1.6 billion, reflecting steady growth in the NNI investment.

31. U.S Market Nanomaterials Projections Source: The Fredonia Group

32. Examples of Current Research and Applications

33. Modeling, Characterization and Fabrication are Inseparable for Nanoscale Devices Simulation Fabrication Characterization Applications Courtesy: NASA

34. Sporting Goods

35. Cosmetics, Clothes and Food

36. Clean and Cheap Energy Solid oxide fuel cell Courtesy: Steve McIntosh, UVA Computational catalysis Courtesy: Matthew Neurock, UVA Laser-textured silicon for solar cells Courtesy: Mool Gupta, UVA

38. Disruptive Apps - Materials • Fiber that is stronger than spider web • Metal 100 x’s stronger than steel, 1/6 weight • Catalysts that respond more quickly and to more agents • Plastics that conduct electricity • Coatings that are nearly frictionless –(Shipping Industry) • Materials that change color and transparency on demand. • Materials that are self repairing, self cleaning, and never need repainting. • Nanoscale powders that are five times as light as plastic but provide the same radiation protection as metal.

39. Disruptive Apps - Energy • Fuel cell technology becomes cost effective within 3 years. • Batteries that store more energy and are much more efficient • Plastics and paints that will store solar power and convert to energy for $1 per watt.

40. Disruptive Apps - Computing • Silicon is hitting its size limit, Moore’s law reaches maximum in 2007 • SuperChips –Combination of Silicon and Galium Arsenide create wireless chips • Plastic semiconductors manufactured by regular printing devices – cheaply produced. • Electronic Paper

41. Disruptive Apps – Bio Medicine • Cosmetics that can penetrate the skin • Cures for Aids, Cancers, Alzheimer's, Diabetes • Ability to view cells In vivo - Fast Drug Creation • Nanomaterials that can see inside vessels for plaque buildup • Technology that can re-grow bone and organs • NanoSensors for disease detection – 10x’s faster and 100,000 x’s more accurate • Nano filters will help create impurity free drugs

42. Definition • A particle having one or more dimensions of the order of 100nm (10-7 m) or less • From http://www.malvern.com.cn/LabChi/industry/nanotechnology/nanoparticle_defiition.htm 101nm 101nm 96nm 116nm 154nm 201nm

43. Taking Inspiration from Mother Nature Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick firmly to surfaces. By replicating this scientists have developed an adhesive that can seal wounds or patch a hole caused by a stomach ulcer. The adhesive is elastic, waterproof and made of material that breaks down as the injury heals.  

44. Key Terms You Need to Know • BuckyBalls • Carbon Nanotubes • MEMS • Quantum Dots • Molecular Self Repair/Assembly • MRAM/Spintronics • Lithography • Metal nanoparticles • Imaging • Therapy

45. Carbon Nanotubes • 4 nm width (smaller diameter than DNA) • 100x’s stronger than steel 1/6 weight • Thermal/electrically conductive • Metallic and Semi-Conductive

46. BuckyBalls – C60 • Roundest and most symmetrical molecule known to man • Compressed – becomes stronger than diamond • Third major form of pure carbon • Heat resistance and electrical conductivity

47. Quantum Dot Micro Sized Motor MEMS and Quantum Dots

48. Obstacles and Hurdles • Mass Production/Throughput and Cost Constraints • Safety- Unknown • Regulatory Issues • Funding Requires Long-Term Investments • Intellectual Property Issues - Patent Office that is Overwhelmed and Under-Qualified

49. Resources • Must Read Books • As the Future Catches You – Juan Enriquez • Investors Guide to Nanotechnology and Micromachines – Glenn Fishbine • Next Big Thing Is Really Small: How Nanotechnology Will Change the Future of Your Business – Jack Uldrich, Deb Newberry • Hacking Matter – Will McCarthey • Periodicals • Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech Report • MIT Technology Review • Science • Nature • Web – www.nanotechgroup.org

50. References http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/ An inventory of nanotechnology-based consumer products currently on the market. Productive Nanosystems A Technology Roadmap, 2007, Battelle Memorial Institute and Foresight Nanotech Institute. IWGN Workshop Report: Nanotechnology Research Directions: Vision for Nanotechnology in the Next Decade, 2000, Edited by M.C. Roco, R.S. Williams, and P. Alivisatos, Springer. www.nano.gov www.science.doe.gov/nano www.nnin.org