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Taxonomy

Taxonomy. Zebra Book: Chapter 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity. What is classification?. The grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria. Why do scientists organize or classify living things?.

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Taxonomy

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  1. Taxonomy Zebra Book: Chapter 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity

  2. What is classification? • The grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria

  3. Why do scientists organize or classify living things? • Grouping living things based on their similarities makes it easier to study organisms, locate information, and identify relationships. • It also aids in communication with other scientists.

  4. What other classification systems do you use in daily life? • Car dealerships • Grocery store • Hardware stores • Schools • Department stores

  5. Early Classification Systems • Aristotle’s System • Linneaus’s System • Binomial Nomenclature

  6. Aristotle’s System • Developed over 2 thousand years ago • Classified organisms as either animals or plants • Animals: “bloodless” or “red-blooded” • Matches modern description of invertebrates and vertebrates • Also, habitats and morphology • Plants: size, tree, shrub, herb

  7. Linnaeus’s System • 1700s • Based on observable characteristics(morphology, behavior) • first formal system of taxonomic organization • TAXONOMY: biological discipline based on identifying, naming and classifying species based on natural relationships. Part of systematics. • SYSTEMATICS: study of biological diversity with an emphasis on evolutionary history

  8. Binomial Nomenclature • Part of Linnaeus’s system • Still valid • Scientific name of 2 parts • Genus species • Always in Latin, language of science and education • Common names can be misleading (starfish, sea cucumber, Great Horned Owl)

  9. Why use Binomial Nomenclature? What are these animals?? American Black Bear and a Redbird? Or Ursusamericanusand Cardinaliscardinalis http://www.bearsforever.org/Black_Bears.php?cat=2 http://darkorpheus.blogspot.com/2008/06/red-bird-explains-himself.html

  10. How to correctly use Binomial Nomenclature • Genus is always capitalized • Species is lowercase • When written by hand, it all should be underlined • Printed from a computer, in a book or magazine: it should be italicized • After written completely, it can be abbreviated. • Cardinaliscardinalisor C. cardinalis

  11. Word origin • Binomial nomenclature • Bi: two • Nomen: name • Calatus: list

  12. Modern Classification • Remain rooted in Linnaeus’ system • Modified now to include • Morphology • Behavior • Evolutionary history

  13. Taxonomic Categories • Groups are subdivided based on specific criteria • Known as a NESTED-HIERARCHIAL SYSTEM • Each category is contained within another, and are arranged from broadest to most specific

  14. Taxonomic Categories • Taxon (plural taxa): named group of organisms • Range from having broad to specific characteristics • The broader the characteristics the more species the taxon contains

  15. Taxonomic Categories • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  16. Genus • Plural: Genera • A group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor • What similarities do you see? • American Black Bear (Ursusamericanus) • Asiatic Black Bear (Ursusthibetanus) • Ursus: massive skulls, similar teeth • Sloth bear (Melursusursinus) • Melursus: smaller, different skull shape and size, fewer teeth http://bushwarriors.wordpress.com/2010/11/17/iucn-species-of-the-day-asiatic-black-bear/, http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/sloth-bear/, http://www.bearsforever.org/Black_Bears.php?cat=2

  17. Family • The next higher taxon • Consists of related genera • All bears are in the same FAMILY (Ursidae) http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-giant_panda.html, http://bushwarriors.wordpress.com/2010/11/17/iucn-species-of-the-day-asiatic-black-bear/, http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/sloth-bear/, http://www.bearsforever.org/Black_Bears.php?cat=2, http://blog.ospreypacks.com/?p=5465, http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/andean-bear

  18. Remainder of divisions… • Order: contains related families • Class: contains related orders • Phylum: contains related classes (also called division for bacteria and plants) • These can be broken into subcategories such as subphyla, subspecies, subfamilies, infraorders.

  19. KINGDOM • The taxon made up of related phlya or divisions • Domain: broadest of all taxa, can contain one or more kingdoms • BEARS: Domain- Eukarya; Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Subphylum-Vertebrata

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