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What makes a species invasive? b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis

What makes a species invasive? b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis. Global Changes Increasing atmospheric CO 2. Keeling & Whorf (2004) CDIAC. What makes a species invasive? b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis. Global Changes Increasing atmospheric CO 2. Photosynthesis:

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What makes a species invasive? b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis

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  1. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 Keeling & Whorf (2004) CDIAC

  2. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2

  3. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H1206 + 6O2 + energy CO2 • What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth

  4. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H1206 + 6O2 + energy CO2 H2O • What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth • Closes leaf stomates → uses less water

  5. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H1206 + 6O2 + energy CO2 H2O • What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth • Closes leaf stomates → uses less water • Not all species react the same: • C3 plants – responsive to CO2; high stomatal opening

  6. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth • Closes leaf stomates → uses less water • Not all species react the same: • C3 plants – responsive to CO2; high stomatal opening • C4 plants – CO2 concentrating mechanism; small stomatal opening

  7. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth • Closes leaf stomates → uses less water • Not all species react the same • C3 plants – responsive to CO2; high stomatal opening • C4 plants – CO2 concentrating mechanism; small stomatal opening • CAM plants – CO2 fixed at night & stored; stomata open at night

  8. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H1206 + 6O2 + energy CO2 H2O • What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth • Closes leaf stomates → uses less water • Not all species react the same • C3 plants – responsive to CO2; high stomatal opening • C4 plants – CO2 concentrating mechanism; small stomatal opening • CAM plants – CO2 fixed at night & stored; stomata open at night

  9. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Dukes in Mooney & Hobbs (2000) – Table 5.1: Stimulation of growth for invasive species by elevated atmospheric CO2

  10. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – Oak Ridge Free Air CO2Enrichment (FACE) experiment in sweet gum forest

  11. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year

  12. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year <

  13. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year > <

  14. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year  > <

  15. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year  > < 2002 = dry year <

  16. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year  > < 2002 = dry year  <

  17. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year  > < 2002 = dry year <  <

  18. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Smith et al. (2000): Nevada Desert FACE Facility

  19. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Smith et al. (2000): Red brome (Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens)

  20. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Dukes in Mooney & Hobbs (2000) – Fig. 5.1: Stimulation of growth by elevated CO2 for invasives vs. noninvasives

  21. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 • Evidence in some specific cases • But not all invasives benefit

  22. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 • Global warming

  23. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 • Global warming • Increasing N deposition

  24. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 • Global warming • Increasing N deposition • SUMMARY:Global Changes • General response is similar to that observed for elevated CO2 • Evidence in some specific cases • But not all invasives benefit

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