Motivation Psychology Core Concepts Philip Zimbardo Ann Weber Robert Johnson

1. MotivationPsychology Core ConceptsPhilip ZimbardoAnn WeberRobert Johnson Porterville College Psychology 101 Online Norris Edwards

2. Unit Objectives • By the End of This Unit You Will Be Able to Answer the Following Questions: • What’s the Difference Between Psychology and Plain Old Common Sense? • How Old Is the Science of Psychology • Was Sigmund Freud the Official Founder of Scientific Psychology • What Are the Five Major Perspective in Psychology?

3. The Major Motives of Life: Love, Sex, Food, and Work • The Social Animal: Motives for Love • The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex • The Hungry Animal: Motives for Food • The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve • When Motives Conflict ©2002 Prentice Hall

4. Motivation • An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.

5. Emotions have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others What Do Our Emotions Do For Us?

6. What Do Our Emotions Do For Us? Emotions – A three-part process that involves subjective feelings, behavioral expression, and physiological arousal

7. What Do Our Emotions Do For Us? • The evolution of emotions • Emotional expressions as a means of communication • Counting the emotions

8. The Emotion Wheel

9. High Performance Low Low High Arousal Level Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted “U” Inverted “U” function – Describes the relationship between arousal and performance; both low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal.

10. Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted “U” Sensation seekers – Individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people

11. Emotions result from an interaction of biological, mental, behavioral, and social/cultural processes Where Do Our Emotions Come From?

12. Where Do Our Emotions Come From? The neuroscience of emotion • The reticular activating system • The limbic system • Lateralization of emotion • The autonomic nervous system • Hormones

13. Persistent Issues in the Psychology of Emotion James-Lange theory of emotion –An emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion Two-factor theory of emotion –Emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both (1) physical arousal and (2) emotion provoking stimulus

14. Persistent Issues in the Psychology of Emotion

15. Although emotional responses are not always consciously regulated, we can learn to control them How Much Control Do We Have Over Our Emotions?

16. How Much Control Do We Have Over Our Emotions? Display rules – Permissible ways of displaying emotions in a particular society Emotional intelligence –Ability to understand and control emotional responses

17. Detecting Deception • Deception cues • Do “lie detectors” really work? Polygraph –Device that records the graphs of many measures of physical arousal; often called a “lie detector” really an arousal detector

18. Motivation takes many forms, but all involve inferred mental processes that select and direct our behavior Motivation: What Makes Us Act as We Do?

19. Motivation: What Makes Us Act as We Do? Motivation – All processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities

20. How Psychologists Use the Concept of Motivation • Connects observable behavior to internal states • Accounts for variability in behavior • Explains perseverance despite adversity • Relates biology to behavior

21. Types of Motivation Drive –Biologically instigated motivation Motive –Internal mechanism that directs behavior (often used to describe motivations that are learned, rather that biologically based)

22. Types of Motivation Intrinsic motivation –Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake Extrinsic motivation –Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence (e.g. a reward)

23. Types of Motivation Conscious motivation –Having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire Unconscious motivation – Having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire

24. Theories of Motivation Instinct theory –View that certain behaviors are determined by innate factors Fixed-action patterns – Genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus

25. Theories of Motivation Drive theory –View that a biological need (an imbalance that threatens survival) produces drive Homeostasis – the body’s tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition

26. Theories of Motivation • Cognitive theory and locus of control • Social learning theory • Locus of control • Internal • External

27. Maslow's Pyramid of Needs • Needs arranged in a hierarchy • Low-level needs must be meet before trying to satisfy higher-level needs • Esteem: Status, respect, power • Self-actualization: Fulfill one’s potential

28. The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve Goals and Aspirations The Effects of Motivation on Work The Effects of Work on Motivation

29. The Genetics of Weight • Heaviness is not always caused by overeating. • Set Point: The genetically influenced weight range for an individual, maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.

30. Goals and Aspirations • Goals improve motivation when: • The goal is specific • The goal is challenging but achievable • The goal is framed in terms of getting what is wanted rather than avoiding what is not wanted

31. Types of Goals • Performance Goals: Goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism. • Mastery (Learning) Goals: Goals framed in terms of increasing one’s competence and skills.

32. Mastery and Motivation • Children praised for being smart tend to lose the pleasure of learning and focus on how well they are doing.

33. The Effects of Motivation on Work • Self-Efficacy: A person’s belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals. • Need for Achievement: A learned motive to meet personal standards of success and excellence in a chosen area.

34. Effects of Work on Motivation • Working conditions that increase job involvement, motivation, and satisfaction: • Work provides a sense of meaningfulness • Employees have control over part of work • Tasks are varied • Company maintains clear and consistent rules • Employees have supportive relationships with superiors and co-workers • Employees receive useful feedback • Company offers opportunities for growth

35. When Motives Conflict

36. Motivational Conflicts • Approach-Approach Conflict: • Equally attracted to two activities or goals. • Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: • Choosing between the “lesser of the evils.” • Approach-Avoidance Conflict: • One activity or goal has both positive and negative elements. • Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: • Several choices, each with advantages and disadvantages.

37. Rewards Can Sometimes Squelch Motivation Overjustification – The process by which extrinsic rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation, as when a child receives money for playing video games

38. No single theory accounts for all forms of motivation, because each motive involves its own mix of biological, mental, behavioral, and social/cultural influences How Are Achievement, Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different?

39. Triangle Theory of Love • Varieties of love occur because of differing combinations of three elements • Examples: • Liking: Intimacy alone • Companionate love: Intimacy + Commitment • Romantic love: Intimacy + Passion Commitment Intimacy Passion

40. The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex The Biology of Desire The Psychology of Desire The Culture of Desire The Riddle of Sexual Orientation

41. The Biology of Desire • Hormones and Sexual Response • Arousal and Orgasm • The Evolutionary View

42. Attitudes Toward Chastity

43. The Psychology of Desire • Many Motives for Sex • Enhancement • Intimacy • Coping • Self-Affirmation • Partner Approval • Peer Approval

44. The Culture of Desire • Sexual Scripts: Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s age, culture, and gender.

45. Culture, Psychology, and Weight • Diet and Exercise • Cultural Attitudes

46. Weight and Health: Biology Versus Culture • Bulimia: An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating (binges) followed by forced vomiting or use of laxatives (purging). • Anorexia Nervosa: An eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation.

47. Measuring the Need for Achievement Projection – Process by which people attribute their own unconscious motives to other people or objects Need for achievement (n Ach) –Mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or reach some goal

48. A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Achievement Individualism – View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction Collectivism – View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction

49. Hunger Motivation • The multiple-systems approach to hunger Set point – Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight • Weight control

50. The Scientific Study of Sexuality • Kinsey • Masters and Johnson Sexual response cycle – Four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women