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The Axial Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton. Sports Physiology Mr. Kottenstette. The Axial Skeleton. Forms the longitudinal axis of the body Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax. The Axial Skeleton. Figure 5.6a. The Axial Skeleton. Figure 5.6b. The Skull. Two sets of bones Cranium

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The Axial Skeleton

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  1. The Axial Skeleton Sports Physiology Mr. Kottenstette

  2. The Axial Skeleton • Forms the longitudinal axis of the body • Divided into three parts • Skull • Vertebral column • Bony thorax

  3. The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6a

  4. The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6b

  5. The Skull • Two sets of bones • Cranium • Facial bones • Bones are joined by sutures • Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

  6. The Skull 28 named bones – 100’s of named features on the bones Important for muscular attachment Route for nerves, blood vessels

  7. The Fetal Skull • The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total body length • Fontanels—fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones • Allow the brain to grow • Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

  8. The Fetal Skull

  9. The Fetal Skull

  10. Human Skull, Lateral View

  11. Human Skull, Inferior View

  12. Human Skull, Anterior View

  13. The Hyoid Bone • The only bone that does not articulate with another bone • Serves as a moveable base for the tongue • Aids in swallowing and speech

  14. The Hyoid Bone

  15. The Vertebral Column • Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location • There are 24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs • Seven cervical vertebrae are in the neck • Twelve thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region • Five lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back

  16. The Vertebral Column • Nine vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones • Sacrum • Coccyx

  17. The Vertebral Column • Most adults have 26 total bones • 5 groups • Cervical - 7 • Thoracic - 12 • Lumbar - 5 • Sacral – 5, fused into single unit = Sacrum • Coccygeal – 4, fused into single unit = Coccyx • Form normal “S” curvature • Abnormal

  18. The Vertebral Column • The spine has a normal curvature • Primary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions • Present from birth • Secondary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions • Develop after birth

  19. The Vertebral Column

  20. A Typical Vertebrae, Superior View

  21. Parts of a Vertebra • Body • Arch • Pedicle – stem/stalk • Lamina – roof • Transverse Processes • Spinous Process • Articular Facets • Joints

  22. Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae

  23. Atlas + Axis • Atlas = C1 • Articulates w/Skull = Atlantooccipotal joint • YES • Axis = C2 • Articulates w/Atlas via “Dens” = Atlantoaxial joint • NO

  24. Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae

  25. Unique Features – Cervical • Cervical C3-C7 • Transverse Foramen • Bifid Spinous Process • Horizontal Articular Facets

  26. Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae

  27. Unique Features - Thoracic • Thoracic T1-T12 • Spinous processes • Posterior Facing Facets • Multiple facets

  28. Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae

  29. Unique Features - Lumbar • Lumbar L1-L5 • Body • Medial/Lateral Facing Facets

  30. Vertebral Canal - Home of the Spinal Cord • Foramen Magnum → L2 + Conus Medularis • Each vertebra in the C,T,L-spine has associated nerve • Intervertebral Foramen • T,L–Spine, nerve exits below • C-Spine, nerve exits above • Except… • Cauda Equina • Nerves exiting below L2 • Conus Medularis

  31. Vertebral Ligaments • Anterior Longitudinal Ligament • Attached to anterior aspect vertebral bodies • ≥ ½ enclosure anterior aspect of column • Role

  32. Vertebral Ligaments • Posterior Longitudinal Ligament • Attached to posterior aspect vertebral bodies, INSIDE vertebral canal • ≤¼ enclosure posterior aspect of column • Role

  33. Vertebral Discs – Jelly Doughnut Annulus Fibrosis Nucleus Pulposis Herniation Affected nerve Most Common Level

  34. Normal Sagittal Plane X-Section 1. Body of thoracic vertebra 2. Intervertebral disc 3. Spinal cord 4. Vertebral canal with spinal meninges 5. Spinous process of vertebra 6. Hyaline cartilage over articular surfaces of vertebral bodies 7. Anterior longitudinal ligament 8. Posterior longitudinal ligament

  35. Sacrum and Coccyx • Sacrum • Formed by the fusion of five vertebrae • Coccyx • Formed from the fusion of three to five vertebrae • “Tailbone,” or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have

  36. Sacrum and Coccyx

  37. The Bony Thorax • Forms a cage to protect major organs • Consists of three parts • Sternum • Ribs • True ribs (pairs 1–7) • False ribs (pairs 8–12) • Floating ribs (pairs 11–12) • Thoracic vertebrae

  38. The Bony Thorax

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