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8086 and families

8086 and families. Features of 8086. 16Bit Microprocessor : 8086 - 8086 is a 16bit processor. It’s ALU, internal registers works with 16bit binary word - 8086 has a 16bit data bus. It can read or write data to a memory/port either 16bits or 8 bit at a time

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8086 and families

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  1. 8086 and families

  2. Features of 8086 • 16Bit Microprocessor : 8086 • - 8086 is a 16bit processor. It’s ALU, internal registers works with 16bit binary word • - 8086 has a 16bit data bus. It can read or write data to a memory/port either 16bits or 8 bit at a time • - 8086 has a 20bit address bus which means, it can address up to 220 = 1MB memory location • - Frequency range of 8086 is 6-10 MHz

  3. 8086 Architecture

  4. Registers

  5. 8086 and 8088 Microprocessors • • 8086 announced in 1978; 8086 is a 16 bit microprocessor with a 16 • bit data bus • • 8088 announced in 1979; 8088 is a 16 bit microprocessor with an 8 • bit data bus • • Both manufactured using High-performance Metal Oxide • Semiconductor (HMOS) technology • • Both contain about 29000 transistors • • Both are packaged in 40 pin dual-in-line package (DIP) • • Address lines A0-A7 and Data lines D0-D7 are multiplexed in 8088 • – By multiplexed we mean that the same pysical pin carries an address bit • at one time and the data bit another time • • Address lines A0-A15 and Data lines D0-D15 are multiplexed in • 8086

  6. TIMING DIAGRAM OF 8086

  7. Minimum-mode and Maximum-mode Systems • • 8088 and 8086 microprocessors can be configured • to work in either of the two modes: the minimum • mode and the maximum mode • Minimum mode: • – Pull MN/MX to logic 1 • – Typically smaller systems and contains a single • microprocessor • Maximum mode • – Pull MN/MX logic 0 • – Larger systems with more than one processor

  8. Minimum-mode and Maximum-mode Systems • Signals common to both minimum and maximum systems

  9. Minimum mode unique signals

  10. 8086 Minimum-mode block diagram

  11. BASIC 8086 MINIMUM MODE SYSTEM MN/MXM/IO INTA RD WR DT/R DEN ALE AD0-AD15 A16-A19 CLK READYRESET 8284A CLOCKGENE-RATOR 8282 LATCH ADDR WAIT STATE GENERATOR 8286 TRAN- CEIVER ADDR/DATA DATA RAM 2142 PERI- PHERAL 2716 PROM

  12. T1 T2 T3 TW T4 CLK M/IO ALE MEMORY ACCESS TIME ADDR/ DATA RESERVED FOR DATA VALID D15-D0 A15-A0 ADDR/ STATUS A19-A16 RD/INTA READY DT/R DEN

  13. T1 T2 T3 TW T4 CLK M/IO ALE ADDR/ DATA A15-A0 DATA OUT (D15-D0) ADDR/ STATUS A19-A16 WR READY DT/R DEN

  14. Minimum Mode Interface • • Address/Data bus: 20 bits vs 8 bits multiplexed • • Status signals: A16-A19 multiplexed with status signals S3-S6 respectively • – S3 and S4 together form a 2 bit binary code that identifies which of the internal segment registers was used to generate the physical address that was output on the address bus during the current bus cycle. • – S5 is the logic level of the internal interrupt enable flag, s6 is always logic 0.

  15. S4 S3 Address status • 0 0 Alternate(relativeto ES segment) • 0 1 Stack (relative to SS Segment) • 1 0 Code/None (relative to CS segment or a default zero) • 1 1 Data (relative to DS segment)

  16. Maximum mode unique signals

  17. Maximum-mode interface circuit diagram (8086)

  18. Maximum Mode 8086 System Continued…

  19. Maximum Mode Interface • For multiprocessor environment • • 8288 Bus Controller is used for bus control • • WR¯,IO/M¯,DT/R¯,DEN¯,ALE, INTA¯ signals • are not available • • Instead: • – MRDC¯ (memory read command) • – MWRT¯ (memory write command) • – AMWC¯ (advanced memory write command) • – IORC¯ (I/O read command) • – IOWC¯ (I/O write command) • – AIOWC¯ (Advanced I/O write command) • – INTA¯ (interrupt acknowledge)

  20. Status Bits • They indicate the function of the current bus cycle. They are normally decoded by the 8288 bus controller

  21. – The signals shown above are produced by 8288 depending on the state of S0, S1 and S2. • • DEN, DT/R¯ and ALE signals are the same as minimum-mode systems • • LOCK¯: when =0, prevents other processors from using the bus • • QS0 and QS1 (queue status signals) : informs about the status of the queue • • RQ¯/GT ¯0 and RQ¯/GT ¯1 are used instead of HOLD and HLDA lines in a multiprocessor environment as request/grant lines.

  22. Memory Read timing in Maximum Mode Here MRDC* signal is used instead of RD* as in case of Minimum Mode S0* to S2* are active and are used to generate control signal.

  23. Read Cycle of the 8086 - maximum mode

  24. INTERRUPT The meaning of ‘interrupts’ is to break the sequence of operation.While the cpu is executing a program,on ‘interrupt’ breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions, diverts its execution to some other program called Interrupt Service Routine (ISR).After executing ISR , the control is transferred back again to the main program.

  25. Type 4 POINTER (OVERFLOW) 010H Type 3 POINTER (BREAK POINT) 00CH Type 2 POINTER (NON-MASKABLE) 008H Type 1 POINTER (SINGLE STEP) 004H Type 0 POINTER (DIVIDE ERROR) 000H 16 bits Interrupt Vector Table

  26. 03FFH Type 255 (Available) 03FCH Available Interrupts (224) Type 32 (Available) 080H Type 31 (Reserved) 07FH Reserved Interrupts (27) 0014H Type 5 Reserved

  27. Interrupt Vector Table INT Number Physical Address INT 00 00000 INT 01 00004 INT 02 00008 : : : : INT FF 003FC

  28. Example Find the physical address in the interrupt vector table associated with • INT 12H b) INT 8H Solution: a) 12H * 4 = 48H Physical Address: 00048H ( 48 through 4BH are set aside for CS & IP) b) 8 * 4 = 20H Memory Address : 00020H

  29. Functions associated with INT00 to INT04 (Exceptions) INT 00 (divide error) • INT00 is invoked by the microprocessor whenever there is an attempt to divide a number by zero • ISR is responsible for displaying the message “Divide Error” on the screen

  30. Ex1: Mov AL,82H ;AL= 82 SUB CL,CL ;CL=00 DIV CL ;82/0 = undefined result EX2: Mov AX,0FFFH; AX = FFFFH Mov BL,2 ; BL=02 DIV BL ; 65,535/2 = 32767 larger than 255 maximum capacity of AL

  31. INT 01 • For single stepping the trap flag must be 1 • After execution of each instruction, 8086 automatically jumps to 00004H to fetch 4 bytes for CS: IP of the ISR

  32. 8086 NMI 5v INT 02 (Non maskable Interrupt) When ever NMI pin of the 8086 is activated by a high signal (5v), the CPU Jumps to physical memory location 00008 to fetch CS:IP of the ISR assocaiated with NMI

  33. INT 03 (break point) • A break point is used to examine the cpu and memory after the execution of a group of Instructions. • It is one byte instruction whereas other instructions of the form “INT nn” are 2 byte instructions.

  34. INT 04 ( Signed number overflow) • There is an instruction associated with this INT 0 (interrupt on overflow). • If INT 0 is placed after a signed number arithmetic as IMUL or ADD the CPU will activate INT 04 if 0F = 1. • In case where 0F = 0 , the INT 0 is not executed but is bypassed and acts as a NOP.

  35. 0100 0000 +64 0100 0000 +64 1000 0000 +128 Example Mov AL , 64 Mov BL , 64 ADD AL , BL INT 0 ; 0F = 1 • INT 0 causes the cpu to perform “INT 04” and jumps to physical location 00010H of the vector table to get the CS : IP of the ISR

  36. HARDWARE INTERRUPTS • NMI : Non maskable interrupts • INTR : Interrupt request Edge triggered Input NMI INTR INTA 8086 Level triggered Input Response to INTR input

  37. Hardware Interrupts NMI: TYPE 2 Interrupt INTR: Between 20H and FFH

  38. The Math Coprocessor:8087(Numeric Data Processor (NDP)) • The 8086 performs integer math operations • Floating point operations are needed, e.g. for Sqrt (X), sin (x), etc. • These are complex math operations that require large registers, complex circuits, and large areas on the chip • A general data processor avoids this much burden and delegates such operations to a processor designed specifically for this purpose -e.g. math coprocessor (8087) for the 8086 • The 8086 and the 8087 coprocessors operate inparallel and share the busses and memory resources • The 8086 marks floating point operations as ESC instructions, will ignore them and 8087 will pick them up and execute them

  39. 8087-MATH COPROCESSOR

  40. ARCHITECTUTRE • CONTROL UNIT • EXECUTION UNIT

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