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Taxonomic Overview of the Six Kingdoms

Taxonomic Overview of the Six Kingdoms. Archeabacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia. Video 1 Domains of Life. Eubacteria. Archea. Bacteria Kingdoms Monera (Archea, and Eubacteria). The only Prokaryotic organisms Unicellular, free-living and parasitic forms

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Taxonomic Overview of the Six Kingdoms

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  1. Taxonomic Overview of the Six Kingdoms • Archeabacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

  2. Video 1 Domains of Life Eubacteria Archea

  3. BacteriaKingdoms Monera (Archea, and Eubacteria) • The only Prokaryotic organisms • Unicellular, free-living and parasitic forms • Self replicating (asexual) • Usually sensitive to antibiotics • Responsible for the majority of human infectious diseases (pathogenic)

  4. The Domains Archea/Prokarya • Late 1990’s differences in the kingdom Monera become more distinct • Kingdom Monera splits into two distinct Kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archeabacteria • Archea- “ancient” bacteria • Eubacteria- “modern” bacteria • Presence of peptidoglycan (an unusual carbohydrate) in the cell walls distinguishes the Eubacteria group from the Archeabacteria

  5. Kingdom Archaeabacteria Archaebacteria “the oldest bacteria” • all anaerobic-live without oxygen • all chemosynthetic autotrophs • Subphylums or divisions: • Methanogens, Acidophiles, Haliphiles, Thermophiles • Live in extreme environments • Cell walls lack peptidoglycan and have different membrane lipids than Eubacteria

  6. Kingdom Eubacteria • Eubacteria“modern bacteria” • mostly parasitic heterotrophs or saprophytic (feed on dead organic material) • Decomposer bacteria-important for the nitrogen cycle • some may be photosynthetic autotrophs. • cell walls contain peptidoglycan

  7. Kingdom Eubacteria • subphylum Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) • -not always blue/green • -often are yellow/gold • -colonies of bacteria or chains of cells • -1st producers of free oxygen • - ancestors of plant kingdom and some protists

  8. Morphology of MoneransClasssification by shape

  9. Prefixes are added to the three basic shapes to further classify the bacteria according to their ARRANGEMENT. The three basic arrangements are: 1) Diplo-paired arrangement 2) Staphylo- clustered arrangement 3) Strepto- chained arrangement 1 2 3

  10. Structure of a Bacterial Cell

  11. What Characterizes Eukaryotes from Prokaryotes? • The presence of a membrane bound nucleus • The presence ofplastids/organelles (endosymbiosis) See page 427 • Sexual reproduction • Mobility (motor proteins) • Colonization (multicellularity) • Video 2 The Eukaryotic Cell Evolves

  12. Endosymbiosis Chloroplast Plants and plantlike protists Aerobic bacteria Ancient Prokaryotes Photosynthetic bacteria Nuclear envelope evolving Mitochondrion Primitive Photosynthetic Eukaryote Animals, fungi, and non-plantlike protists Primitive Aerobic Eukaryote Ancient Anaerobic Prokaryote

  13. Kingdom Protista Characteristics • All Eukaryotic • Internal organization • External organization • 1.unicellular • 2.colonial • 3.multicellular, but lacking true tissues • Cells may be autotrophic or heterotrophic • Cells may have cell walls made of a variety of materials • Reproduction may be sexual, asexual, or both • Some protists display much movement others little.

  14. Importance of protists1. Phytoplankton and other plant-like protists = primary producers aquatic ecosystems 2. Zooplankton provide major food source for larger aquatic animals 3. Many unicellular protists are important symbiotes Ex. gut protists of ruminants (e.g. cattle), termites 4. Many unicellular protists are harmful: Ex. "red tide" organisms in aquatic systems 5. A variety of human parasites and pathogens are protists

  15. Kingdom Protista • Division Protozoa “animal like protists” and are classified by the way they move • Phylum Sarcodina- psuedopodial movement, (freshwater ameoba) • Phylum Ciliophora - movement by tiny hairlike projections called cilia (paramecium) • Phylum Mastigophora - movement by whip-like tail called a flagella (Euglena)

  16. Kingdom Protista • Division Algae “the plant-like protists” • Classified by their photosynthetic pigments • Phylum Euglenaphyta- unicellular, aquatic, with both plant and animal characteristics video • Phylum Bacillariophyta- unicellular, shelled photosynthetic autotrophs. “DIATOMS” • Phylum Pyrophyta- unicellular with two flagella (dinoflagellates), and red (carotenoid) pigments

  17. Kingdom Protista • Division Algae • Classified by their photosynthetic pigments • Phylum Rhodophyta- red algae • Phylum Phaeophyta- brown algae • Phylum Chlorophyta- green algae • Phylum Chrysophyta- golden algae

  18. Kingdom Protista • Division: Plasmodia (fungi-like protists) • reproduction by spores • Phylum Myxomycota- cellular slime molds, with ameoba-like movement, • Phylum Acrasiomycota- “plasmodial” slime molds, non membrane bound cytoplasm, slime nets on leaves and logs • Phylum Oomycota- water molds and mildews

  19. Kingdom Fungi

  20. Kingdom Fungi • General Characteristics: • Multicellular heterotrophs that have cell walls made of Chitin but lack chlorophyll, roots and stems • Extracellular saprophytes (decomposers)- secrete enzymes through specialized tissues to digest and absorb nutrients • Reproduction through spores or fragmenting, classified by reproductive structures (fruiting bodies) • Adapted to changing environments with specialized sacs known as sporangium • Sporangia enable to reproductive spores to survive long periods of dry conditions • have multinucleated cells

  21. -parasitic forms that feed on living organism (athletes foot, ring worm, smuts and blights) -mutualistic symbiants of plants (mycorrhizal association) -release enzymes outside the cell wall to break down food into chemical form, then absorb nutrients in chemical form through the cell membrane. (extra-cellular digestion) -classified by reproductive organs (fruiting bodies). Structures of Fungi Hyphae-filaments that secrete enzymes and support reproductive structures Mycelium-large masses of hyphae, give bread molds a cottony appearance. Rizoids -root-like hyphae that also secrete enzyme and pitting food source. Stolons –hyphae that connect stolons All four absorb nutrients. Fruiting body Hyphae Mycelium

  22. Nuclei Cell wall Cytoplasm Cross wall Nuclei Cytoplasm Cell wall Hyphae Structure Section 21-1 Septate Hyphae With Cross Walls Ceonocytic Hyphae Without Cross Walls

  23. PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA - COMMON MOLDS REPRODUCE THROUGH ZYGOSPORES- STRUCTURES THAT FORM A NETWORK OF HYPHAE. HYPHAE CAN JOIN AND REPRODUCE SEXUALLY OR PRODUCE A FRUITING BODY WITH SPORES (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION) PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA - SAC FUNGI SAC FUNGI REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY FORMING AN ASCUS (ASCI) - A SAC STRUCTURE IN WHICH SPORES ARE FORMED. • PHYLUMBASIDIOMYCOTA- CLUB FUNGI CLUB FUNGI REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY FORMING SPORES IN A STRUCTURE CALLED A BASIDIUM (BASIDIA) WHICH CAN BE FOUND LINING GILLS INSIDE THE BASIDIOCARP (THE MUSHROOM CAP).

  24. DEUTEROMYCOTA – Imperfect Fungi  (OTHER FUNGI) Called the Imperfect Fungi because there is an apparent ABSENCE of Sexual Reproduction. MYCORRHIZAE AND LICHENS

  25. The Kingdom Plantae Classification and General Characteristics 12 Divisions or Phyla based on seed and tissue structure

  26. Division Bryophyta Seedless and Nonvascular Nonvascular- do not have transporting tissues such as roots, stems , and leaves Mosses Liverworts Hornworts Division Tracheaphyta Vascular plants; have true roots, stems, and leaves. Ferns- seedless vascular Gymnosperms- naked seeds Angiosperms- flowering plants with coated seed Kingdom Plantae

  27. Division Bryophyta • Subphylum: • Mosses (Bryophyta), Liverworts (Hepatophyta) and Hornworts (Anthoceraphyta). • ·They reproduce by spores, never have flowers, and can be found growing on the ground, on rocks, and on other plants. • ·Depend upon external moisture to transport nutrients • ·Reproduce through alternating generations

  28. Division Tracheaphyta • Subphylum: I. Ferns (Pteridophyta), Horsetails (Sphenophyta),Whisk ferns (Psilophyta), andClub mosses (Lycopodophyta) • ·Represent the second major step in the evolutionary sophistication of plants • ·Have a vascular system to transport fluids through their bodies. • ·They reproduce from spores rather than seeds.

  29. Division Tracheaphyta II. Gymnosperms; GinkoMaidenhair Tree (Ginkophyta), Cycads palm tree (Cycadophyta), Vine trees (Gnetophyta) Evergreens (Coniferophyta) • ·Gymnosperms add the next level of complexity to plant evolution: they reproduce from seeds instead of spores. • ·Seeds are "naked" (Greek: gummnos) -- not covered by an ovary • ·Seed is produced inside a cone-like structure • ·Have needle-like, scale-like leaves to prevent water loss

  30. Division Tracheaphyta III. Angiosperms; Anthophyta (flowering plants) • Angiosperms add the final improvement to plant reproduction: they grow their seeds inside an ovary embedded in a flower. • Flower becomes a fruit after fertilization

  31. A. Class Monocotyledoneae ·Having one seed leaf or cotyledon (corn and peas) ·Parallel leaf veins ·Includes grains such as wheat, oats, and corn B.  Class Dicotyledoneae · Having two seed leafs or cotyledons (peanut) · Branched veins in the leaves Most fruit trees, shrubs, vines, vegetables and flowers Division Anthophyta

  32. The Kingdom Animalia: Introduction to Animal Evolution and the Invertebrates

  33. I. What defines an Animal species? • multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes • most animals ingest and store their carbohydrates in the form of glycogen • cells DO NOT have cell walls • many animals have muscle tissue and nervous tissue • Go through similar patterns of development • haploid sperm + haploid egg >>>>> diploid zygote • zygote >> cleavage >> blastula >> gastrula

  34. Phylogeny and Classification of Animals • Two major divisions (sub-phylums): • invertebrates - no skeletal structure • vertebrates - internal bony structures • Animals are classified by body plans and the presence or absence of certain tissues: • Parazoa-specialized cells, no tissues, no symmetry • Radiata-living tissues, with specialized functions, radial symmetry • Bilateria-layered tissues,Can be divided into equal halves • a) Acoelomates- No body cavity • b) Psuedocoelomates- False cavity • c) Coelomates- Body cavity

  35. Phylogenetic Tree of the Animal Kingdom

  36. I. Sponges (phylum Porifera) are stationary animals without “true tissues” • filter feeder - water pushed through; plankton trapped • mostly marine species; some frshwater species • hermaphrodite - most produce BOTH sperm and eggs • different cell types, but no real “tissues” (muscle/nerve)

  37. II. Cnidaria are examples of animals with gastrovascular cavities • phylum Cnidaria - hydra, jellyfish, anemones, and corals • gastrovascular cavity - one opening allowing for entrance (mouth) and exit (anus) • polyp - mouth up; attached like a plant (anemone) • medussa - mouth down; floats free (jellyfish) • specialized cnidocytesand nematocysts allow for defense and capture of prey

  38. phylum Cnidaria • class Hydrozoa - polyp/medussa alternattion • class Scyphozoa - medussa primary form • class Anthozoa - “flower anmials” corals; anemone • phylum Ctenophora • “comb jellies” • eight rows of “comb-like plates” with cilia

  39. III. Bilateria Acoelomate - Coelomate (presence of body cavities) • acoelomates - NO body cavity between gut and wall & NO vessels for blood (avasuclar) • flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) • coelomates - body cavity exists !! • psuedocoelem - endoderm/mesoderm divided • roundworms (phylum Nematoda) • “true” coelem - cavity lined by mesoderm • segmented worms (phylum Annelida)

  40. IV. Acoelomates: bilateral andanimals WITHOUT a body cavity • phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms and tapeworms • gastrovascular cavity with 1 opening • class Turbellaria - marine ; non-parasitic • class Trematoda - parasitic ; most have “suckers” • Schistosoma mansomi - parasite of humans • class Cestoda - parasitic tapeworms • Taenia solium - human “pork” tapeworm • Taenia saginata - human “beef” tapeworm

  41. V. Psuedocoelomates: have “false” body cavity, complete digestive tract and blood vascular system • phylum Rotifera- microscopic animals; live in water • phylum Nematoda - psuedocoelmate worms • found in moist soil; oceans; lakes • major decomposers of dead material

  42. phylum Nemertea - round worms • complete digestive tract - 2 openings (mouth/anus) • simple vascular system - vessels & blood-like cells • Questions still remains on where these fit on the phylogenetic tree !!!!! (pseudoceolomates?)

  43. VI. Protostomes:ceolomate division based on embryology; phyla differ in body plan • phylum Mollusca- snail, oyster, clam, squid, octopus • unique body plan • class Polyplacophora - marine, oval shell, 8 plates • class Gastropoda - spiral shell, water/land (snail) • class Bivalvia - clams, oysters, mussels, scallops • shells divided into 2 halves • gills used for feeding/respiration • class Cephalopoda - squid, octopus, nautilus • head - organization with nervous system

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