EOC Vocab

1. EOC Vocab

2. EOC VOCAB TERMS 1-12 • INFERENCE: Logical interpretation based on prior knowledge. • HYPOTHESIS: Proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations. • MANIPULATED VARIABLE: (IV) The variable that is deliberately changed. • RESPONDING VARIABLE: (DV) The variable that is observed and that changes in the response to the manipulated variable.

3. EOC VOCAB TERMS 1-12 • COHESION: Attraction between molecules of the same substance. • ADHESION: The attraction between molecules of different substances. • MIXTURE: is a material composed of 2 or more elements. • SOLUTION: A mixture where all components are evenly distributed through out.

4. EOC VOCAB TERMS 1-12 • CARBOHYDRATES: compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Main source of energy. • LIPIDS: Large molecules that are not soluble in water. • NUCLEIC ACIDS: made up of nucleotides that store and transmit hereditary or genetic information. (DNA or RNA) • PROTEINS: made up of amino acids. Control the rate of reaction and regulate cell processes.

5. EOC VOCAB 13-20 • EUKARYOTE: Cells that contain a nucleus • PROKARYOTES: Cells that DO NOT contain a nucleus ORGANELLES: “little organs” Specialized organs in a cell CYTOPLASM: Part of the cell outside the nucleus Cell Sap

6. EOC VOCAB 13-20 • CHROMATIN: DNA bound to a protein • CHROMOSOME : Thread like structure • containing genetic material • CELL MEMBRANE: lipid bilayer that regulates what enters and leaves cell • CONCENTRATION: (of a solution) is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution.

7. EOC VOCAB 21-30 • DIFFUSION: movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane using NO energy • EQUILIBRIUM: When the concentration of the solutes is the same throughout a system.

8. EOC VOCAB 21-30 • OSMOSIS: The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. • ISOTONIC: Concentration of solute the same in a solution • HYPOTONIC: Concentration of solutes is less than another solution. • HYPERTONIC: Concentration of solutes is MORE than another solution.

9. EOC VOCAB 21-30 • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of molecules that cannot diffuse across a membrane on their own, by use of protein channels • ACTIVE TRANSPORT: The movement of molecules against concentration with the use of energy. • ENDOCYTOSIS: Process of taking materials into cell by means of infolding or pockets if the cell membrane. (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) • EXOCYTOSIS: Process of moving materials out of the cell by means of contractile vacuole.

10. EOC VOCAB TERMS 31-40 • TRAIT: specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another • HYBRIDS: Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits • ALLELES: one of a number of different forms of a gene • GAMETES Specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction (egg/Sperm)

11. EOC VOCAB TERMS 35-38 • PROBABILITY: Likelihood that a particular event will occur • HOMOZYGOUS: term used to refer to an organism that has 2 identical alleles for a particular trait. • HETROZYGOUS term used to refer to an organism that has 2 different alleles for a particular trait. • PHENOTYPE Physical characteristics of an organism

12. EOC TERMS 39-43 • INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Case where one allele is not completely dominant • HOMOLOGOUS: refer to a chromosome that has a corresponding chromosome from the opposite sex parent • DIPLOID containing both sets of homologous pairs. 2X • HAPLOID containing only a single set of chromosomes. 1x • MEIOSIS: process to reduce the number of chromosomes from a DIPLOID to a HAPLOID.

13. EOC VOCAB TERMS 44-46 • GENOTYPE: Genetic makeup of an organism • INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT : Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes • GENETICS: The study of heredity

14. EOC TERMS 47-50 AUTOSOMES: A chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome. GENE MAP: Diagram showing the location of a gene CROSS-OVER process when a chromosome exchanges part of chromatid in MEIOSIS KARYOTYPE Photograph of chromosomes grouped together.

15. EOC TERMS 51-55 Catalyst: A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction Enzymes: Proteins that act as Catalysts Reactant: Substance that comes together to form a Product Reactant + Reactant = Product Ecology: Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. Species: A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring.

16. EOC TERMS 56-60 Autotroph: Organisms that makes own food. Heterotroph: Organisms that obtain energy from foods they consume. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate Principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy. Photosynthesis: Plants use energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide in to sugars/starch Pigment: light absorbing molecules

17. EOC TERMS 61-65 Chlorophyll: Principle plant pigment Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO2 +6H2O -(light)  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Calorie: Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. Glycolysis: Process of making ATP from Glucose Cellular Respiration: process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of Oxygen.

18. EOC PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1-15

19. If one parent is homozygous recessive • for attached earlobes and the other is • heterozygous, what is the probability that • their children will have attached earlobes? • A. 25% • B. 50% • C. 75% • D. 100%

20. Which is the best description of a scientific • law? • A. a statement that identifies a specific • opinion • B. a statement that describes a pattern • observed in nature • C. a statement that explains why events will • sometimes occur • D. a statement that provides a clear • prediction that can be tested through • Observation

21. Which statement best describes what • happened after Darwin developed his theory • of evolution? • A. It was made into a law. • B. It was automatically approved as fact. • C. It was reviewed by peers for verification. • D. It was voted on by scientists to be • accepted or rejected.

22. A student is performing an investigation of the • effects of fire on pine seedlings in a forest. • The student conducts a study of ten plots that • are burned annually. What is an appropriate • control for this experiment? • A. ten plowed plots • B. ten cleared plots • C. ten unburned plots • D. ten herbicide-treated plots

23. Patients with a specific medical condition have been provided with a new device that helps them manage their condition. The • patients will be required to participate in a survey regarding the usefulness of these devices. How can the manufacturer be certain • that no bias enters into the surveys? • A. by paying the patients for their • participation • B. by waiting until the survey is completed • to sell the device • C. by having a second, independent party • conduct the survey • D. by providing a toll-free number in case • there are questions about the devices

24. What happens to chromatids when they • separate during mitosis? A. They leave the cell. B. They are destroyed. C. They reattach quickly. D. They become chromosomes.

25. How are bacteria different from viruses? • A. Bacteria lack a nucleus. • B. Bacteria are microscopic. • C. Bacteria are classified as living things. • D. Bacteria can cause diseases in humans

26. What was one contribution Gregor Mendel • made to science by performing his • experiments on plants? A. showing that traits are inherited B. proving that acquired traits can be inherited C. showing that the structure of DNA is a double helix D. proving that random mutations cause the creation of new species

27. The Egyptian Plover bird is allowed to fly into • the mouth of a crocodile and eat food scraps • found there. Which term best describes this • relationship? A. predation B. parasitism C. mutualism D. commensalism

28. Why is it important that the number of • chromosomes be reduced during meiosis? • A. The cell can grow without the DNA • content increasing. • B. The amount of DNA in the cell can • remain at its lowest number. • C. The chromosome number will stay • constant from one generation to the next. • D. The nucleus of the cell will not be • allowed to become larger due to cell • growth.

29. A student used a microscope to study a tissue • sample. Each cell had a cell wall. Which • organism was studied? A. fern B. deer C. coral D. shark

30. What is an example of the human body • achieving homeostasis through • thermoregulation? • A. Sweat is produced when exercising to expel excess water. • B. Sweat is produced when exercising to keep the body cool. • C. In order to lower body temperature, extra melanin is produced in the skin. • D. In order to keep the body warm in the winter, extra blood flows out to the fingers and toes.

31. When viewing a karyotype, which evidence • provides the strongest support that an • individual body cell has the condition of trisomy? A. The cell has an odd number of chromosomes. B. The cell has an even number of chromosomes. C. One chromosome appears shorter than its match. D. One chromosome appears to be inverted in comparison to its match

32. What breaks down to form carbon dioxide • when bread dough is rising? A. fat B. fiber C. protein D. glucose

33. How are mitochondria and chloroplasts different? • A. Mitochondria do not contain chlorophyll, • and chloroplasts do. • B. Mitochondria only have one membrane, • and chloroplasts have two. • C. Mitochondria capture light energy, and • chloroplasts transform energy. • D. Mitochondria are found only in plant cells, and chloroplasts are found in both plant and animal cells